20世纪以来巴西印第安人土地政策的变迁

Changes in Brazilian Government's Indigenous Land Policy since the 20^(th) Century

土地政策是巴西政府印第安人政策的最重要组成部分,关系到印第安人的生存与发展。葡萄牙的殖民统治导致巴西印第安人土地大量被侵占和瓜分,而独立后政府的内陆边疆开发政策将印第安人置于更为不利的境地。随着19世纪末民主共和观念深入人心,尤其是20世纪巴西中央集权的加强,政府实行了一系列土地政策,在一定程度上保护了印第安人的土地权利。然而,出于进口替代工业化和农业现代化发展的需要,政府被迫向农矿业等利益集团妥协,默认甚至纵容他们侵犯印第安人的土地以进行经济开发,使得印第安人的土地问题更加严峻。巴西印第安人土地问题的持续升温是与巴西的大地产制、政府相关部门缺乏足够的经济实力等因素密切相关。如今,巴西印第安人的未来仍充满着不确定性。他们唯有加强自身实力,同时政府进一步加大扶持力度,加强国际合作,方能切实有效维护印第安人的土地权利。

Land policy is the most important part of the Indian policy pursued by the Brazilian government,which affects the survival and development of the Indians in Brazil.Portuguese colonization had led to the seizure and carve-up of Brazilian Indian lands,while the inland frontier development policy of Brazil after independence put the Indians at an even greater disadvantage.With ideas of democracy and republicanism taking roots in the minds of the people at the end of the 19^(th) century,especially the strengthening of centralization in Brazil in the 20^(th) century,the government implemented a series of land policies to protect the land rights of the Indians to some extent.However,due to the need to boost the development of import-substitution for industrialization and agricultural modernization,the Brazilian government has to compromise with interest groups such as agriculture and mining,acquiescing or even conniving at their encroachment on Indian land for economic development,which has made the Indian land issue even grimmer.That the land issue of the Brazilian Indians continues to heat up is closely related to factors like Brazil’s big estate system and the lack of sufficient economic strength of relevant government departments.The future of the Brazilian Indians is still full of uncertainties.Only by enhancing their own strength,with the government further strengthening its support and boosting international cooperation,can the land right of the Indians be effectively protected in Brazil.