《民法典》居住权制度的确立与完善——从“以房养老”的法律保障角度出发

The Establishment and Improvement of the Residential Right System in"Civil Code":from the Perspective of the Legal Protection of"House for the Elderly"

居住权是大陆法系的传统物权形态,由于我国在制定《物权法》时过度强调居住权的社会保障属性,错误地将其与社会抚养以及住房保障制度的作用等同视之,导致了2007年颁行的《物权法》中没有规定居住权制度。近年来,随着我国人口老龄化现象日趋严重,老年人养老问题进入到人们的视野中,社会上出现了诸多新型养老模式的实践活动,部分保险公司开始了“以房养老”的试点工作,“以房养老”逐渐成为国家完善养老保障机制的重要一环。在此背景下,我国立法机关顺应时代要求,将居住权作为新创设的用益物权类型规定于民法典物权编,为我国“以房养老”制度的发展提供了法律保障。但居住权章仅有的六款条文过于简单,应通过对居住权司法实践中的具体问题予以细化研究并最终予以填补完善。

The right of abode is a traditional form of real right in the civil law system.In the formulation of the"Property Law",our country overemphasized the social security attributes of the right of abode,wrongly equating it with the role of social support and housing security systems,which led to 2007 The promulgated"Property Law"does not provide for the right of residence system.In recent years,as my country's population aging has become increasingly serious,the issue of elderly care for the elderly has entered people's vision,and many new types of old-age care practices have emerged in the society.Some insurance companies have begun pilot work of"house-based old-age care"."Retirement with housing"has gradually become an important part of the country's improvement of the pension system.In this context,the legislature of our country conforms to the requirements of the times and stipulates the right of residence as a newly created type of usufructuary in the property rights of the Civil Code,which provides a legal guarantee for the development of my country's"house for the elderly"system.However,the only six clauses of the residency chapter are too simple,and the specific issues in the judicial practice of residency should be refined through academic theory and finally filled and perfected.