危机与应对:晚清苏州《潘公宝卷》的形成、传播与社会教化

Crisis and Reaction: the Formation,Spread and Social Education of the Sacred Scrolls of Pan of Suzhou in the late Qing dynasty

道咸时期,由于江南水旱灾害频发、漕运改为海运、太平天国运动等因素的影响,流民与饥民大量出现。他们为生存所迫,往往置伦理道德于不顾,不惜抢劫、抗租,甚至危害一方。为教化民众,维系社会秩序,尤其是保障佃户照常交租,苏州潘氏、谢氏与余氏等宗族借助清廷"神道设教"方略与传统的善人"殁为神明"之说,延续并扩展潘曾沂的慈善事业的社会影响力,共同制作《潘公宝卷》,以宗族慈善教化的方式参与社会治理。该宝卷于咸丰三年问世,至民国年间,流传达半个世纪之久,至今尚存30余个版本。《潘公宝卷》对晚清江南民众产生了一定的教化作用,弥补了儒家伦理思想在范围人心上存在的局限。

During the Daoguang and Xianfeng period,due to the frequent floods and droughts in the regions south of the Yangtze River,the change from water transport to sea transport,and the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement,a large number of avagrants and famine victims appeared.They are forced to survive by putting ethics in disregard.They are not hesitate to rob,resist rent,and even harm one place.To civilize those people and maintain social order,especially safeguard the land tax,the Pan,Xie and Yu families of Suzhou not only use the Qing dynasty’s strategy of governance people by religion and the traditional concept of sanctification of philanthropist,but also expanded the social influence of Pan Zengyi’s philanthropy,and jointly compiled the Sacred Scrolls of Pan.Utimaltely they took part in the social governance by the fashion of charity of clans.The scrolls were published in the third year of Xianfeng,and circulated for half a century until the Republic of China.There are still more than 30 versions.The Sacred Scrolls of Pan had a certain enlightening effect on the people in the south region of the Yangtze River in the late Qing Dynasty,and made up for the limitation of the Confucian ethical thoughts in the scope of people’s hearts.