3W. R. Reitman (1965). Cognition and thought. New York: Wiley.
4D. H. Joassen (1997). Instructional design models for well-structured and ill-structured problem solving. Educational Technology: Researeh and Devdopment, 45 (1), 65-94.
5中华人民共和国教育部.全日制普通高中地理课程标准[S].北京:人民教育出版社,2011.
6马志华,张茹英."以问题为基础"教学方法研究[J].中国护理杂志.1996(8).
7Barrows,H S,Kelson,A. Problem-based learning:A Total Approach to Education[M]. Illinois: Southern Illinois University Press, 1993.
