新型城镇化中少数民族流动人口的生计资本与就业状况研究

A Study on the Livelihood Capital and Employment of Ethnic Minority Migrant Population in New-style Urbanization

本文基于全国8个城市的社会调查,对少数民族流动人口的生计资本与就业状况进行了描述性分析,初步探析了影响群体就业质量的相关因素。结果发现:从教育水平来看,少数民族流动人口在性别、年龄、代际、户籍、民族结构方面存在社会分化现象,这决定了群体内部人力资本的差异性分布;从外出务工情况来看,少数民族外出流动趋于长期化、家庭化、定居化,三分之二的人口使用乡土社会资本获得工作;从就业状况来看,务工、经商的经济性动因是人口外出流动的主要推动力,非正式就业是少数民族流动人口就业的主要形式,这决定了群体整体就业质量不高。基于上述分析,政府需要针对少数民族流动人口内部的社会分化,制定差异性与针对性强的保障措施;在关注他们的结构适应问题的同时,还要重视他们的文化适应问题;通过提升人力资本与改善社会资本的方式,推动更多的少数民族人口进入正式就业领域。

Based on the survey in eight cities across the country,this paper gives a descriptive analysis of the livelihood capital and employment of ethnic minority migrant population and analyzes the relevant factors affecting the employment quality of the group.The results show that:from the perspective of education level,the ethnic minority migrant population has social differentiation in terms of gender,age,generation,household registration and ethnicity,which determines the differential distribution of human capital within the group;from the perspective of migrant work,ethnic minority migrant population tends to be long-term,family-oriented migrant workers and two-thirds of the population uses rural social capital to obtain jobs;from the perspective of employment,hunting for jobs and doing business are the main economic drivers for migrant population.Informal employment is the main form of employment for the migrant population of ethnic minorities,which determines the overall quality of employment of the group is not high.Based on the above analysis,the government needs to formulate differentiated and targeted policies to safeguard the rights and interests of ethnic minority migrant population;not only pay attention to their structural adaptation,but also to their cultural adaptation;promote more ethnic minorities to enter formal employment by enhancing human capital and improving social capital.