明清西南土司承袭方式演变考论

A Historical Study of the Inheritance Model of Tusi Chieftains in Southwest China in the Ming and Qing Dynasties

明清时期,西南土司的承袭在两种方式间发生多次转变:赴京告袭,即土司或亲自或遣人赴京请求承袭,其显著特点是将承袭与朝贡结合;就彼冠带,即土司在地方请求承袭,但长期要求土司承袭时需按品秩纳粮。前者主要集中在明初,后者从明中期开始逐渐成为主要方式,但期间多有反复,直至清康熙时期就彼冠带被正式确立为土司的承袭方式。赴京告袭向就彼冠带的演变符合行政运作简化的规律,背后隐含了中央与地方经济获取状况的变化,即中央从起初的经济支出方转变为获取方,土司从明初的获取方逐渐成为支出方,直至“改土归流”后对土司编户齐民,直接征税。这是中央政府对西南土司经济管控不断深入的过程,也是西南少数民族逐渐被纳入国家统一管理的过程。

From the early Ming dynasty to the early Qing dynasty,the inheritance model of Tusi chieftains in southwest China followed two major patterns.The first was practiced mainly in the early Ming dynasty,which found expression in the Tusi’s or his subordinates’inheritance appeal and ritual in the capital,together with the tributes.The second was practiced locally in the middle and later period of the Ming dynasty,while the Tusi had to pay taxation(grain)accordingly.Though the two patterns were both acceptable,the latter was officially established in the Kangxi Period of the Qing dynasty.The former was in line with the rule of simple administration,a mirror of the fact that the Central Government changed its role from the payer to the receiver of economic benefits while the Tusi’s experience was vice versa.After the implementation of the policy of“appointing government-dispatched officials to replace the Tusi”,taxation on the Tusi became the popular policy.This history was a mirror of the Central Government’s gradual economic control of the Tusi in southwest China and a process of the Central Government’s unified management of the affairs of the ethnic minorities in southwest China.