移山入园与以画代园——以兔柴为引

Moving Mountain into Garden and Replacing Garden by Painting:Taking Tuzhai as an Introduction

兔柴是晚明重臣张延登的山中别业,董其昌为作《兔柴记》.通过对文献、绘画等相关材料分析,认为随着城市的繁荣,晚明文人大多选择城市便利,但又不愿舍弃山林,获取山林意境因此成为造园目标;董其昌延续中唐以来文人园精神.却轻视具体做法,选择以画代园;张延登则在城中移山入园,试图使小黄山成为兔柴的替代与补偿,但其后的石峰改筑显然不知画脉,且偏离移山主题.董、张的不同选择显示晚明文人园林思想与做法的纷扰,但也预示、孕育出一种可能:移山与画意的结合.

Tuzhai was a mountain villa of Zhang Yandeng,who was a high-ranking official with heavy responsibility in late Ming Dynasty.And Dong Qichang wrote an article,Tuzhai,for the villa.Through analyzing materials like literature,paintings etc.,the author thinks,as cities prospering,quite a few literati in late Ming Dynasty chose conveniences of cities,but were not willing to give up landscape,so obtaining artistic conception of mountain became the goal of building gardens.Dong Qichang continued literati garden spirit originated from mid-Tang Dynasty,but despised specific measures,choosing to replace garden by paintings.While Zhang Yandeng moved mountain into garden in a city,attempting to make little Huangshan Mountain become the substitute and compensation of Tuzhai,but later the reconstruction of stone peak shows obviously the lack of painting essence,which also deviates the theme of moving mountain.The different behaviors of Dong and Zhang demonstrate the divergence of garden thoughts and measures in late Ming Dynasty,but also reveal another possibility:the combination of moving mountain and painting spirit.