幕友与明清州县裁判——从“副状”文书出发

Muyou and the Judgment in the Ming and Qing Dynasties:Based on Fuzhuang

幕友佐治之风于明代后期兴起,并从清代开始逐渐趋于兴盛。幕友佐治的兴起,与明代后期州县裁判开始替代乡治成为主要的纠纷解决途径密切相关。而国家对幕友佐治的肯定态度,人口增长所带来的审判量大幅增加,科举政策调整为幕友提供的人才基础,乃至养廉银政策的实施为地方官延聘幕友提供的经济条件等主客观因素,又进一步推动了幕友佐治的发展。幕友佐治的发展被清晰地呈现在裁判的微观变化中,副状文书的变化正是其中之一。清代中期以后副状逐渐成为流转于地方官和幕友之间,专门供幕友拟批所用的文书。并且因为副状中所体现的是幕友的工作成果,所以不同于其他大部分裁判文书,副状最终并非归档案而是由地方官个人收存。

Muyou began to participate in judgment from the Ming Dynasty,and the trend gradually deepened in the Qing Dynasty.The rise of muyou is closely related to the fact that the county judges began to replace township governance as the main way of dispute resolution in the late Ming Dynasty.The positive attitude of the state towards Muyou,the large increase in the number of judicial affairs brought by the population growth,the talent base provided by the adjustment of the imperial examination policy,and the economic conditions provided by the policy of Yanglianyin for the local officials to hire Muyou further promoted the development of Muyou.The development of Muyou is clearly shown in the changes of the adjudicative documents,and the change of the fuzhuang is one of them.After the middle of the Qing Dynasty,the fuzhuang gradually became a document circulated between local officials and Muyou,which was especially used by Muyou.And because the fuzhuang reflects the work of Muyou,it is different from most other adjudicative documents.The fuzhuang is not in the archives but belongs to the local officials.