高温高压钻井关键技术发展现状及展望

Development status and prospect of key technologies for high temperature and high pressure drilling

随着我国对深层油气资源需求的不断增长,在勘探开发过程中,高温高压地层变的越来越常见,给钻井带来了诸多困难与挑战。高温高压钻井除了要面临高温高压的挑战,还要克服地层压力预测难、井身结构复杂、井控难、钻井液流变性差、机械钻速低、井下工具适应性差等一系列的问题。通过对国内外高温高压钻井技术文献的整理,从地层压力预测、井身结构优化、控压钻井、抗高温钻井液、钻头与高效破岩、随钻测量与导向工具等6个方面对目前高温高压钻井技术的发展进行了总结,并对各个方面的发展做了一定的展望。目前,国内外高温高压钻井关键技术中,高温是最急需解决的问题。对于国内来说,井下175℃是一个坎,许多国内的钻井设备与技术在面临这个温度时都会产生一系列问题,因此,也限制了国内技术的规模化应用,而且与国外的先进水平相比,尚有一定差距。国外高温高压钻井关键技术主要集中在Schlumberger、Halliburton、Baker Hughes、Weatherford等主要石油工程技术公司中,且都已经形成了自己的特色系列产品并进行过一定规模的应用。例如斯伦贝谢公司的自动节流控压钻井系统、威德福公司和雪弗龙公司合作开发的随钻测井技术服务HEX等。总的来说,过去几年高温高压钻井技术得到了快速的发展,取得了很大的成就;但如何实现高温高压井安全高效的钻进,仍是国内外共同需要努力的方向,而且对于高温高压非常规井的钻井技术研究也十分缺乏。因此,国内外仍要加大对高温高压钻井技术的研究力度,特别是国内,应继续跟踪加强研究,以满足日益苛刻的钻井需求。虽然目前的技术能力并不能解决所有问题,但是为今后高温高压钻井技术的发展奠定了良好的基础。

With the increasing demand for deep oil and gas resources in China,drilling in high temperature and high pressure(HTHP)formations is becoming more and more common in the process of exploration and development,which leads to many difficulties and challenges for the drilling industry.In addition to the challenges of high temperature and high pressure,HTHP drilling must overcome a series of problems,such as difficult formation pressure prediction,complex well structures,difficult well control,poor rheology of drilling fluids,low rate of penetration(ROP)and lack of capable downhole tools.Based on a literature review of HTHP drilling technology at home and abroad,this paper summarizes the development of HTHP drilling technology from six aspects.These are:formation pressure prediction,wellbore structure optimization,pressure control drilling,high temperature resistant drilling fluid,bit and efficient rock breaking,MWD and steering tools.This provides a possibility for the development of various improvements.At present,high temperature is the most challenging problem in the key technologies of high temperature and high pressure drilling at home and abroad.For China,a downhole temperature of 175℃is a barrier.Much domestic drilling equipment and technologies will have a series of problems when facing this temperature.Therefore,large-scale applications of domestic technology are limited,and there is still a gap compared with the advanced levels in foreign countries.The key technologies of HTHP drilling abroad were mainly developed by the petroleum engineering technology companies such as Schlumberger,Halliburton,Baker Hughes,and Weatherford.In these companies,series of products with their own characteristics have been developed and used widely,for example,Schlumberger’s managed pressure drilling system and the logging while drilling technology HEX codeveloped by Weatherford and Chevron.In general,HTHP drilling technologies have been developing rapidly in the past few years and made great progress.However,achieving safe and efficient drilling of HTHP wells is still the common direction of efforts at home and abroad,and research into drilling technology of HTHP unconventional wells is rare.Therefore,research on HTHP drilling technology should be further strengthened.In particular,China should continue to follow up and strengthen research to meet the increasing drilling needs.Although the current technical ability cannot solve all the HTHP drilling problems,it has laid a good foundation for the development of new HTHP drilling technology in the future.