城市收缩背景下日本基础教育设施规划应对策略及其启示

Research on Coping Strategies of Japan Basic Education Facility Planning Under the Background of City Shrinkage and Their Implications

"城市收缩"趋势潜藏在我国快速城镇化的背面,人口空间结构与基础教育资源配置的矛盾逐渐显现,对现有规划理论和实践内容提出新的要求。由于日本城市收缩出现较早,因此本文通过案例分析介绍日本经验,从基础教育设施角度探讨收缩城市可能面临的问题与可参考应对策略。持续多年的人口中心转移与少子化现象,促使日本从制度、评估、合作多层面优化基础教育规划管理体系。在实现"权利下放""动态反馈""公众参与"间良性合作基础上,日本进一步调整详细规划策略:依据精准人口预测模型限制基础教育设施的增量发展;积极促进学校与社区公共设施灵活互补;重点关注基础教育设施存量更新、精细化功能改善,并发挥地域自然优势吸引外来学生,以提升疏化地区的学校活力。结合日本多地实践案例,从"限制供给""协同互补""盘活复兴"三方面阐述了日本基础教育设施规划应对城市收缩的具体策略,以期为我国未来基础教育设施规划与建设提供重要思路。

The prosperous and recessionary state of cities is considered as altered natural cycle,and shrinkage as a possible stage in the process of urban development,has gained extensive attention from international urban planning researchers.For China,although growth is still the mainstream,the trend of“city shrinkage”has already hidden behind Chinese rapid urbanization,leading to the rising contradiction between population spatial structure and basic education resources allocation,which may further cause potential troubles for the planning of basic education facility.However,Chinese relative researches still focus on the data of“Thousand People Index”and“Hierarchical Supporting Standards”to guide the incremental planning of schools,few scholars study the basic education facility planning from the perspective of urban shrinkage context.Japan is the leading urbanization country in Asia with comparatively lower birth rate,while more than 50%of Japanese cities have stepped into the shrinking phase from the beginning of 21st century.Under the significant change of urban development stage,problems arising from the basic education facility planning and their effective countermeasures from Japan,could bring inspiration to China for the new round of urbanization in view of social and educational equity.To cope with the challenges posed by shrinking cities,such as fewer school-age children,downsizing schools and aging educational infrastructures,Japan’s Ministry of Education,Culture,Sports,Science and Technology(abbreviated as MEXT),who oversees nationwide education policy and school facilities,has optimized the planning and management system for basic schools to enhance the feasibility and efficiency of the planning process from aspects of“decentralization”,“dynamic feedback”and“public participation”.MEXT has provided appropriate support through detailed planning frameworks and case templates instead of direct involvement to minimize central intervention in local basic education facility planning.In addition,planning feedback tool has been widely applied to promote the central government’s understanding of local basic schools,and is also beneficial to schools’self-improvement.In the meantime,under relatively thorough supervision,Japan is actively exploring the cooperation mechanism between government,market and non-profit organization.The public has been encouraged to participate in the operation and management process of the basic education facilities,and active strategic partnerships have been built to relieve the schools’human resources and funding pressures.Besides,improving the planning system from the macro level,this paper summarizes“limited supply”,“collaborative complementarity”and“inventory activation”as the specific strategies of basic education facility planning in response to shrinking cities.Japanese local governments meticulously select appropriate planning means to solve the relative problems with elaborative consideration of native economy and population change.Through precise population tracking models,comprehensive,detailed and scientific information could be obtained to support for the basic education facility planning.What’s more,incremental planning of basic schools have been strictly restricted,and inefficient stock educational facilities have been reduced or merged to adopt the school-community complementary development pattern,where the primary and secondary school students and the surrounding residents could take mutual advantages of each other.For shrinking towns which lack economic and industrial competitiveness,the refinement and updating renewal for the basic education facilities is of high concern,and region’s natural advantages were comprehensively exploited to attract out-of-town students to enhance the vitality and attractiveness of local basic schools.Besides,all the practical experiences we could get from Japan,what’s more important is that,the problems Japan are facing nowadays as mentioned above,has sounded alarms for the basic education facility planning for China,that the temporary"growth"does not imply the suitability for incremental planning.As part of the cities gradually enter the phase of shrinking,the development of basic education facility planning in our country should excavate own potential with innovative concepts and optimized planning system,and pay attention to the improvement of school function and the sustainability of regional overall development,through which the planning framework for basic education facility in line with the characteristics of Chinese shrinking cities will be gradually established.In the long run,the basic education could be possibly seen as the“green engine”driving the shrinking cities,and the innovative development of basic education facility planning could be taken as an effective tool to improve social services level and promote livability of the depopulated area of China.