当代城市设计视角下勒·柯布西耶“光辉城市”的交通组织评述

Comment on the Transportation Organization of Le Corbusier’s“Ville Radieuse”from the Perspective of Contemporary Urban Design

每一次产业革命都给城市的组织形式和人们的出行方式带来深远的影响,面对两次工业革命所带来的巨变,勒·柯布西耶(Le Corbusier)通过积极探索,提出“光辉城市(Ville Radieuse)”的解决方案以应对机器时代的变革。虽然该理论一直备受争议,但其对世界城市理论和实践的影响却不容小觑。交通作为组织和建构“光辉城市”实体形式和运行结构的基础,是“光辉城市”最重要的组成部分。以此为研究对象,从步行交通、机动交通、公共交通、立体交通几个方面对其核心理念进行系统分析。并在当代语境下,从创新性、前瞻性和包容性三个方面评述了光辉城市交通组织对当代城市设计的积极影响,从理想化、简单化、机动化三个方面评述了光辉城市交通组织的时代局限性。今天,工业4.0时代已经来临,希望在进一步丰富“光辉城市”及其交通组织研究成果的同时,促进和推动对当下和未来城市设计及交通组织的积极思考。

Every industrial revolution has a profound impact on the organization of cities and the way people travel.Facing the tremendous changes brought to cities by the two industrial revolutions,Le Corbusier actively explored and put forward a Ville Radieuse solution to cope with the changes brought about by the machine age.Although this theory has always been controversial,it still has a certain impact on the theory and practice of world urban planning and design.As the basis of traffic flow organization,physical construction and operation structure,the transportation system governs the constituent elements of Ville Radieuse,and is the most important part of the theory.At present,the academic research on the related theories of Ville Radieuse mainly focuses on the macro and meso levels,while there is few systematic studies on this theory from the micro level.Furthermore,research focusing on the knowledge of Ville Radieuse traffic organization are even rarer,and fail to link its theoretical characteristics with the real-time background.Therefore,an indepth analysis of Ville Radieuse’s historical contributions and the limitations of the times needs to be supplemented.In order to make up for the lack of research in this field,this research focuses on the level of Ville Radieuse’s traffic organization and systematically sorts out its traffic elements.The review of Ville Radieuse’s transportation system design in the latest scene of contemporary urban development has important theoretical and practical significance.In order to adapt to the needs of the machine age,Le Corbusier has carried out in-depth research and exploration on the city’s traffic organization in terms of pedestrian traffic,motorized traffic,public traffic and three-dimensional traffic.This series of innovative traffic organization designs and their core concepts are deeply analyzed and discussed in this research.Specifically,in terms of pedestrian traffic,Le Corbusier proposed a coping strategy that separates pedestrians and motor vehicles.Motor vehicles are required to drive on elevated roads,while pedestrians can pass freely in a safe environment without motor vehicle interference,realizing the effect of“person and vehicle separation”.In addition,in the face of the many contradictions between pedestrians and motorized traffic in traditional streets,Le Corbusier believed that the city should abolish streets and replace them with“indoor streets”in order to change the traditional street order that is not suitable for the machine age.In terms of motor transportation,in order to improve the efficiency and safety of motor vehicles,he suggested that cities should adopt more straight roads,and advocate one-way lanes and spacious motor vehicle lanes.What also advocated is the use of overpasses to avoid the problem of motor vehicles crossing at the same level at the intersection.As far as public transportation is concerned,trams and subways are recommended to be incorporated into the city’s public transportation network,and public transportation should be attached to individual motor vehicle traffic.In terms of three-dimensional traffic,he divides the traffic system into a three-dimensional and hierarchical traffic organization based on“speed”.On this basis,a central transportation port capable of organizing transfers of multiple transportation modes(airplanes,cars,subways,etc.)has been set up in the city center.The traffic organization of Ville Radieuse is Le Corbusier’s active response and exploration of the urban problems in the machine age.Due to the limitation of the background of the times,this theory inevitably has shortcomings in different times,but we cannot deny its historical contribution and important significance.Based on the contemporary context,this study believes that Le Corbusier’s courage to explore and pioneering innovation are worthy of respect.His foresight is embodied in the bold construction of new lifestyles through the transformation of transportation organizations,and he emphasizes the inclusiveness of the broad well-being of different social classes.These aspects are the positive influence of Ville Radieuse’s traffic organization on contemporary urban design.However,the theory’s understanding of the operation mechanism of the urban system is too ideal,the understanding of the urban context,street scale,and block form is too simple,and it overemphasizes the leading role of individual motor vehicle traffic.These three aspects constitute the limitations of the times embodied in Ville Radieuse’s transportation organization.Dialectically speaking,the positive influence of Ville Radieuse’s transportation organization on contemporary times and its historical limitations will help us to understand the theory more objectively,and also help us better deal with current and future urban transportation problems.Decades ago,in the face of the changes brought about by the machine age,in order to meet the life needs of urbanites,Le Corbusier proposed the concept of Ville Radieuse,and tried his best to explore the urban design and traffic organization methods that adapt to that new era.Today,when the Industry 4.0 Era has come,the research hopes to further enrich the research results of the Ville Radieuse and its transportation organization,while promoting the current and future urban design and reflection on the urban transportation organization.