培养“专业人”或“普通人”——两种不同取向的学科育人目标分析

Cultivating“Professionals”or“Non-professionals”:An Analysis on Two Different Oriented Objectives of Subject-based Education

学科育人目标存在两种不同的取向,即以培养“专业人”为取向的“学科专业育人目标”和以培养“普通人”为取向的“学科普通育人目标”。我国基础教育的学科教学目标偏离了应以学科普通育人目标为主,而表现出过于突出学科专业育人目标的倾向,导致学科教学发生以下偏差:教学过于关注学生专业发展需求,相对忽视一般发展需求;教学内容的选择主要遵从学科自身逻辑,偏离学生发展逻辑;教学过程的组织以学术性认识活动为主,缺乏日常性认识活动。要实现学科育人目标由专业育人向普通育人的回归,学科教学应着眼于学生一般发展的需要设计教学目标,基于人的一般身心素质发展要求,挖掘学科在其中的特定功能与价值,并使教学目标、教学内容和教学活动方式回归学生的日常生活世界。

There are two different oriented objectives of subject education,namely,the“objective of subject education for professionals”with the orientation of cultivating“professionals”and the“objective of subject education for non-professionals”with the orientation of cultivating“non-professionals”.The subject instructional objective of basic education in our country deviates from the objective of subject education for non-professionals,and shows a tendency to overemphasize the subject education for professionals,which leads to the following deviations in instructional subject:the instruction pays too much attention to the needs of students’professional development and relatively ignores general development demand;the selection of instructional content mainly follows the logic of the subject itself and deviates from the logic of student development;the organization of the instructional process is mainly based on academic cognitive activities and lacks of daily cognitive activities.To realize the return of subject education objectives from cultivating professionals to cultivating non-professionals,instructional subject should focus on the general development needs of students and design instructional objective,tap the specific functions and values of the subject based on the development requirements of the general physical and psychological competence,and return the instructional objectives,instructional content and instructional activity methods to the daily life of students.