4Deep and Surface Learning: The Literature [EB/OL]. http:// www.psy.gla.ac.uk/~steve/courses/archive/CERE 12-13-safari-archive/ topic9/webarchive-index.html.2013 -04-12.
5石中英.知识的转型与教育改革[M].北京:教育科学出版社,2013.
6Marton, F., & Saljo, R. On Qualitative Difference in Learning: Outcome and Process [J]. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 1976, (46).
7Weigel, V. Deep Learning for A Digital Age: Teehnalogy's Untapped Potential to Enrich Higher Education [M]. San Francisco, Jossey-Bass, 2001.
8Stranger-Hall, K. F. Multiple-choice exams: An Obstacle for Higher-level Thinking in Introductory Science Classes [J]. Cell Biology Education: Life Science Education, 2012, (2).
9Biggs, J. B., Collis, K. F. Evaluating the Quality of Learning: the SOLO Taxonomy [MI. New York: Academic Press, 1982.
10Deep Learning for a Digital Age [EB/OL]. Available : http:// tea-chopolis.org/library/deep_learning.htm. 2013-05-08.