生物炭与生物基质对设施黄瓜连作土壤改良效果研究

The Effect of Biochar and Biological Substrate on Soil Amending under Protected Cucumber Continuous Cropping

【目的】设施栽培中常常连年种植,导致连作障碍的发生。连作障碍引起土壤质量下降,生产力降低,作物产量和品质下降,制约了设施蔬菜的发展。同时,我国是食醋和食用菌生产大国,每年产生大量的醋糟、菇渣等有机废弃物。旨在有效利用醋糟、菇渣等有机废弃物,并解决设施蔬菜土壤连作障碍。【方法】设置商品土壤改良剂(C)、单一生物炭(B)、生物基质(VM)和生物炭+生物基质(VMB,1∶1)4个处理和对照(CK),进行盆栽试验。研究生物炭和醋糟、菇渣生物基质对设施栽培黄瓜连作土壤理化性质、土壤酶活性、产量及品质的影响,并评价改良剂对土壤持续改良的效果。【结果】连种两茬后,不同处理均可提高土壤pH,缓解了土壤酸化;同时,基质改良剂增加了土壤养分含量,显著提高土壤速效养分,速效氮含量分别比CK增加46.97%,18.18%,21.21%和71.21%,速效磷含量分别比CK增加70.26%,36.30%,35.16%和38.10%,速效钾含量分别比CK增加76.80%,3.08%,84.31%和82.13%;生物炭+生物基质处理还显著增加土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶、磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶、蛋白酶和多酚氧化酶活性,分别较CK增加81.06%,133.33%,27.73%,42.11%,12.5%和58.92%;与对照相比,生物炭+生物基质处理黄瓜植株总干质量增加41.38%、根系活力增加170.90%、果实产量增加28.56%。而且,主成分分析表明土壤养分和土壤酶活均正向影响产量。【结论】将生物发酵腐熟的醋糟和菇渣按3∶1体积比进行混合形成生物基质,生物基质与水稻秸秆生物炭按1∶1体积比进行混合形成土壤改良剂,按障碍土壤与土壤改良剂10∶1的体积比施入土壤改良效果较好,且具有持续改良效果。

[Objective]Continuous cropping frequently occurs in the protected cultivation system,which results in continuous cropping obstacle phenomenon.Continuous cropping obstacles will cause decline of soil quality,productivity,crop yield and quality,which restricts the development of facility vegetables.At the same time,China is a big producer of vinegar and edible fungi.And a large amount of vinegar,mushroom residues and other organic wastes are produced every year.This study aims at using organic wastes effectively,such as vinegar and mushroom residues and solving the continuous soil cropping obstacles of greenhouse vegetables.[Method]the study set up controls(CK)and four treatments of commercial soil amendment(C),single biochar(B),biological substrate(VM),and biochar+biological substrate(VMB,1∶1).Pot test was carried out to study the effects of biochar,vinegar residue and mushroom residue on soil physico-chemical properties,soil enzyme activity,yield and quality of continuous cropping cucumber under protected cultivation.And sustainable effects of the amendments on the continuous cropping soil under cultivated cucumber were evaluated.[Result]The results showed that after two consecutive crops,different treatments could increase soil pH,and alleviate soil acidification.Meanwhile,substrate amendment increased the soil nutrient content and significantly increased soil available nutrients.Available nitrogen content increased by 46.97%,18.18%,21.21%,71.21%compared to CK.Available phosphorus content increased by 70.26%,36.30%,35.16%,38.10%compared to CK.Available potassium content increased by 76.80%,3.08%,84.31%,82.13%,respectively.Biochar+biological substrate treatment also significantly increased the activities of soil invertase,urease,phosphatase,catalase,proteinase,and polyphenol oxidase,which increased by 81.06%,133.33%,27.73%,42.11%,12.5%,58.92%,respectively,compared with CK.Compared with the control,the total dry weight,root activity and fruit yield of cucumber plants treated with biochar+biological substrate increased by 41.38%,170.90%and 28.56%,respectively.Furthermore,the principal component analysis showed that both soil nutrients and soil enzyme activity had positive effects on yield.[Conclusion]Therefore,the soil amendments of biological substrate of fermented vinegar residue and mushroom residue mixed at a volume ratio of 3∶1,and biological substrate and rice straw biochar mixed at a volume ratio of 1∶1 had better soil improvement effect when used at a volume ratio of 10∶1 of obstacle soil and soil amendments,and the improvement effect was sustainable.