《黑图档》所见清代文书工作中的避讳制度

Taboo System of Documents in Qing Dynasty Based on Hetu Dangse

避讳制度在古代中国源远流长,作为封建王朝特有的一种礼仪,它要求臣民无论在言语表达上还是文字书写中都要有所忌讳,对封建君主、先贤圣人及家族中长者的名字等,不得直接称呼或者使用,须改用其他的方式表述。以“避讳”为核心,代代相传的文书避讳制度无论在记录范围还是记录方法上都十分考究。文章以《黑图档·嘉庆朝》《黑图档·道光朝》及《黑图档·咸丰朝》中的文书工作内容为研究对象,系统梳理其避讳范围、避讳方法、避讳原则,并对如何整理、利用古代文书避讳制度进行总结。掌握避讳方法的使用规律,可以帮助研究者鉴别史料的真伪,对文书档案内容进行有效利用。

Taboo system has a long history in ancient China.As a characteristic etiquette of feudal dynasties,it requires that the subjects of a feudal ruler should follow the taboo in speech and in writing.The names of all emperors,saints and the elders in their families should not be used or called directly but expressed in other ways.The taboo system of documents handed down from generation to generation is exquisite in recording scope and method.This paper takes relevant content from Jiaqing Period,Daoguang Period and Xianfeng Period of Hetu Dangse as examples to discuss the taboo scope,methods and principles and to summarize how to sort out and make use of the taboo system of ancient documents.Mastering taboo rules can help researchers identify the authenticity of historical materials and utilize relevant content of archival documents effectively.