论公众环境权的非排他性

On the Non-Exclusive Characteristics of Public Environmental Rights

非排他性是公众环境权的核心特性。为适应环境权理论的纵深化发展,除了从外部视角审视环境权的属性、内容、定位等特征之外,应当从内部结构对环境权本质特性予以剖析。生态环境具有公共物品属性,导致生态环境治理受到外部性理论与搭便车效应的制约。由于生态环境具有公众共用性,既有的环境权利理论应当接受非排他性与非竞争性两大特征的改造。公众环境权的非排他性体现在主体的不特定性、客体的非拥挤性和内容的共享性等方面。将公众环境权理解为公众对作为公众共用物的生态环境享有的非排他性权利,意味着可从保障权利主体的非排他性与客体的非拥挤性两个面向来实现对公众环境权的保护。

Non-exclusiveness is a core feature of public environmental rights.To adapt to the in-depth development of the theory of environmental rights,we should analyze the essential characteristics of environmental rights from the internal structure,in addition to examining the attributes,content,positioning and other characteristics from an external perspective.Ecological environment has the attribute of public goods,which causes ecological environment governance to be restricted by externality theory and free-rider effect.Because of the public commonality of the ecological environment,the existing environmental rights theories should be transformed in terms of non-exclusiveness and non-competitiveness.The non-exclusiveness of public environmental rights is reflected in the uncertainty of the subject,the non-crowding of the object,the sharing of content and so on.Understanding public environmental rights as the non-exclusive right of the ecology and environment,we may protect public environmental rights from the two perspectives of the non-exclusiveness of the subject and the non-crowding of the object.