留学生“例如”“比如”的使用情况及偏误研究

An Error Analysis of Enumerative Phrases“liru”(例如)and“biru”(比如)Used by International Students Learning Chinese as a Foreign Language in China

暨南大学留学生书面语语料库和HSK动态作文语料库的检索结果显示:对于汉语中被高频使用的列举类词语“例如”和“比如”,留学生更倾向于使用“比如”,“比如说”的使用频率也非常高;将二者与标点符号搭配使用的频率高于母语使用者,且搭配的标点符号类型多样。留学生对二者的使用中存在书面语表达口语化,与标点符号搭配随意化等问题。究其原因,是汉语词典对二者辨析得不够具体,对外汉语教材对二者收录的疏漏和一些相关示范的不严谨,以及母语使用者使用意识的不确定性等形成的目的语负迁移造成的。因而,完善释义和搭配标准,科学有效地进行示范,建立明晰的母语者使用规约,才能保证第二语言学习者正确掌握和运用汉语。

According to the comparative retrieval results from the Written Corpus for International Students at Jinan University and the HSK Dynamic Composition Corpus,as for the two frequently used enumerative phrases“liru(例如)”and“biru(比如)”,international students learning Chinese as a foreign language in China tend to use“biru”more frequently,and“biru shuo”(比如说)is also used very frequently.Moreover,they frequently and diversely use the two phrases together with various kinds of punctuation.Errors,like colloquialism and randomized collocation of enumerative phrases with punctuation,are found in their writings.Based on an analysis of the errors,it figures out that the main reasons is the negative transfer in the target language,which is resulted from ambiguous distinction of the two phrases in dictionaries,unbalanced emphasis in textbooks and uncertain usage demonstration.In order to ensure the correct grasp and application of Chinese by second language learners,we need to improve explanation and collocation standards,scientifically and efficiently demonstrate how to use them.