市民社会批判、政治批判与宗教批判的统一——重审《论犹太人问题》的内在逻辑

Unity of the Criticisms of Civil Society, Politics and Religion:Re-examining the Inner Logic of On the Jewish Question

在《论犹太人问题》中,马克思认为,国家的产生以市民社会为前提,国家又否定市民社会,但市民社会还会反过来将国家(及其否定活动)纳入自身中,超越国家,构建自己的意识形态(宗教)。因此,《论犹太人问题》并非宗教批判,也非单纯的政治批判,但也不仅是市民社会批判,马克思是将市民社会批判、政治批判与宗教批判整合在一起,在市民社会批判内部展开政治批判与宗教批判。在逻辑上,马克思一方面将"市民社会—整合了市民社会的国家—整合了国家的市民社会"的结构对应于黑格尔逻辑学"推理论""特殊性—个别性—普遍性"的形式,另一方面又指出,"整合了市民社会的国家"和"整合了国家的市民社会"都是对"市民社会与国家分离"的虚假扬弃。

In On the Jewish Question, Marx contended that civil society presupposes the emergence of state,and is negated by the state. However, civil society will in turn incorporate state and its negative activities into itself, and construct its own ideology(religion) by transcending the state. Therefore, On the Jewish Question is not a religious critique or a purely political critique, nor is it merely a critique of civil society. Marx combined the criticisms of civil society, politics and religion, and then launched the latter two criticisms within the former. Logically, Marx, on the one hand, corresponded the structure of"civil society-state integrated with civil society-civil society integrated with state"to the form of"particularity-individuality-universality"of the"syllogism theory"of Hegel’s science of logic. On the other hand, he pointed out that both"state integrated with civil society"and"civil society integrated with state"are the false sublations of"the separation of civil society from state".