文学人类学批评范式转换的理论背景和语境探赜

The Theoretical Background and Context of the Critical Paradigm Shift in Literary Anthropology

文学人类学批评范式的转换,面临现代主义与后现代主义不同理论范式的制约和当代语境的影响。如何克服这些制约因素并适应语境变化,建构具有理论基础和实践价值的批评范式,需要进一步深入探讨。本文认为应在以下方面取得突破:第一,人类学与文学的真正融通,即:人类学的"大道理"与文学人类学的元理论融通,人类学的"小道理"与文学人类学的具体研究和批评方法融通。第二,突破由比较的方法最终导致的二元对立的庞大体系,跳出现代与后现代各执一端的理论范式和思维模式,以及同一性与差异性的理论对峙,在新的基点上进行整合。第三,通过文学艺术的人类学"还原",探讨人类与文学艺术的本源关系,为当代人类文学艺术的发展提供借鉴。第四,文学人类学要直面当代文学艺术的现实和未来发展趋势,重新建构人类精神需求与文学的价值关系,这是文学人类学范式转换的重要目标。

The critical paradigm shift in literary anthropology is constrained by different theoretical paradigms of modernism and post-modernism, and influenced by the contemporary context. It is necessary to further explore how to overcome the constraints, adapt to contextual changes and build a critical paradigm with a theoretical basis and practical values. This paper concludes that breakthroughs should be made in the following aspects. First, truly integrate anthropology with literature, that is, integrate the"major principles"of anthropology with the meta-theories of literary anthropology, and the"minor principles"of anthropology with the specific research and critical methods of anthropology. Second, transcend the giant system featuring binary opposition resulting from comparative methods, move beyond the theoretical paradigms and thinking modes of modernism and post-modernism as well as the theoretical confrontation between identity and otherness, and integrate them on a new basis. Third, by means of the anthropological method of"returning to the origin"of literature and art, probe into the original relation between humanity and literature and art to provide experience for the development of contemporary literature and art. Fourth, literary anthropology should confront the reality and the future development trends of contemporary literature and art, and reconstruct the value relation between human spiritual needs and literature, which is an important goal of the paradigm shift in literary anthropology.