Glycomolecules in Echinococcus granulosus cyst fluid inhibit TLR4-mediated inflammatory responses via c-Raf

Cystic echinococcosis,which is caused by larval infection of Echinococcus granulosus(E.granulosus)sensu lato,is a widespread chronic cyst-forming helminthic disease that affects up to 3 million people.1 E.granulosus can actively divert the host immune response towards anergy and anti-inflammatory pathways.2 Previous studies have shown that E.granulosus can escape host immunosurveillance by modulating the maturation of dendritic cells(DCs).3,4 Nevertheless,how E.granulosus,an extracellular pathogen,modulates the inflammatory response in DCs remains poorly understood.In this study,we investigated the effects of E.granulosus cyst fluid(EgCF)on bone marrow-derived DCs(BMDCs)exposed to LPS,an inflammatory stimulus,and the mechanisms involved in the EgCF–DCs immune modulation.