司法区块链的“去中心化”困局与出路——以“去中心化”争议解决机制为研究对象

The“Decentralization”Dilemma of Judicial Blockchain and the Way Out:A Decentralized Dispute Resolution Mechanism as a Research Object

司法区块链下的去中心化争议解决机制体现在诉讼主体自治程度较高的“去中心化”参与机制、司法数据不可更改的“去中心化”信任机制,以及以“代码即法律”为基础的“去中心化”执行机制,易使得其“去中心化”属性被夸大并陷入“囚徒困境”:司法区块链的“准对物”管辖权难确定,法官在区块链审判中的司法裁量权被弱化,分布式数字账本下的证据认定备受质疑,数字执行中的代码与法律难以协调。为正确引导司法区块链的去中心化争议解决机制,须强化人民法院在去中心化争议解决机制中的基础地位,巩固法官在去中心化审判程序中的“链上裁量权”,完善区块链存证的司法审查路径,提供司法执行向“数字执行”转向的法律条件,从而实现我国去中心化争议解决机制的有效转型。

The decentralized dispute resolution mechanism under judicial blockchain is reflected in the“decentralized”participation mechanism with a high degree of autonomy of litigants,the“decentralized”trust mechanism with immutable judicial data,and the“decentralized”execution mechanism based on“code is law”,which is prone to exaggerate its“decentralized”property and fall into a“prisoner’s dilemma”:the“quasi-object”jurisdiction of judicial blockchain is difficult to determine,the judicial discretion of judges in blockchain trials is weakened,the determination of evidence under the distributed digital ledger is questionable,and it is difficult to harmonize the code and law in digital execution.In order to properly guide the decentralized dispute resolution mechanism of judicial blockchain,it is necessary to strengthen the basic position of courts in the decentralized dispute resolution mechanism,consolidate the“on-chain discretion”of judges in the decentralized trial process,improve the judicial review path of blockchain evidence,and provide legal conditions for the shift of judicial enforcement to digital enforcement,so as to realize the effective transformation of China’s decentralized dispute resolution mechanism.