古义与治道:杨慎“舍宋取汉”的《尚书》学

The Ancient Meaning and the Way of Governance:Yang Shen's Shangshu Study of Abandoning the Song Study and Choosing the Han Study

明代《尚书》学虽受到宋代蔡沉《书集传》的影响,但也有明显的不同,其一是开始系统研究伪古文问题,其二是重视汉唐古注疏。文本的辨伪与经义的反思是明代《尚书》学的主要课题。以杨慎为代表的明代《尚书》学界开始反思蔡沉《书集传》,进而由古注疏、“古义”去探求经书的真实含义,从而更准确地探求古先王的治道思想,为政治实践服务。因而,明代的《尚书》学中存在一种倾向,即由字词古义而求文本真意,由文本真意而求治道思想。这与蔡沉《书集传》偏向于直接由文本求“时义”、由“时义”而求天理的思想是不同的。以杨慎为代表的明代《尚书》学过去不但没有受到重视,甚至遭到某些怀疑,对其学术评价存在偏见。杨慎的《尚书》学“舍宋取汉”,考据与逻辑推理相结合,至今具有方法论上的意义。

Although the study of Shangshu in Ming Dynasty was influenced deeply by Cai Chen's Shujizhuan in Song Dynasty,there are two different points between Ming and Song:One is that it began to study the problem of pseudo Guwen Shangshu systematically in Ming,and the other is that it paid attention to the ancient annotations of Han and Tang Dynasties.It is the main subject of the study of Shangshu in Ming Dynasty to distinguish the falsity of the text and reflect on the meaning of the classics.The academic circles of Shangshu in Ming Dynasty,represented by Yang Shen,began to reflect on Cai Chen's Shujizhuan,and then explored the true meaning of the classics from ancient annotations,so as to more accurately explore the governing thoughts of ancient kings and serve for political practice.Therefore,there is a tendency in the study of Shangshu in Ming Dynasty,that is,seeking the true meaning of the text from the ancient meaning of words,and seeking the idea of governance from the true meaning of the text.This is different from Cai Chen's idea of seeking“temporal meaning”directly from the text and of seeking“heavenly principle”from“temporal meaning”in his Shujizhuan.The study of Shangshu in Ming Dynasty,represented by Yang Shen,has not been paid attention to in the past,even met with some doubts,and there is bias in its academic evaluation.Yang Shen's study of Shangshu-“abandoning the Song Study and choosing the Han Study”-combines textual research with logical reasoning,which has methodological significance up to now.