以理性的名义:行为科学与冷战前期美国的知识生产

In the Name of Rationality:Behavioral Science and American Knowledge Production in the Early Cold War

二战后行为科学异军突起成为美国社会科学发展的主流,极大改变了社会科学各学科的研究范式和学科布局。行为科学的理性/科学取向,一方面是为寻求社会科学在国家体系和科学谱系中的合法性身份,另一方面受到其时冷战国家安全需求的驱动。战后美国双重资助体制的确立,是行为科学得以加速发展的原因。与一般认为学术研究受到资金左右的假设不同,本文认为行为科学家是内在于双重资助体制中的,是冷战行为科学重大工程的决策者和推动者。然而,行为科学的“硬科学”取向,其与国家安全机构过于密切的合作,其突破学术伦理的诸种人类和社会实验,最终导致行为科学走向“衰落”。

After the second World War,behavioral science became the mainstream of American social science development,which greatly changed the research paradigm and discipline layout of Social Science.The rational orientation of behavioral science,on the one hand,was to seek legitimacy of Social Science in the national system and scientific pedigree;on the other hand,it was driven by the national security needs of the cold war.The development of behavioral science was accelerated by the establishment of the postwar dual funding system in the United States.However,contrary to the common assumption that academic research was dominated by funds,this paper argues that behavioral scientists were inherent in the dual funding system as decision-makers and promoters of the major cold war projects of behavioral science.Nevertheless,the“hard science”orientation,its close cooperation with national security agencies,and its mind control and social behavior experiments in disregard of academic ethics,eventually led to the decline of behavioral science in 1970s.