马尔科姆·X晚年的海外游历、国际主义及影响

Malcolm X’s overseas travel,internationalism and influence in his later years

马尔科姆·X人生最后一年几乎都在海外游历。1964年3月与黑人穆斯林决裂后,马尔科姆开始了中东朝圣和非洲之行,其视野得以拓宽,思想发生重大改变。他回国后仿效非洲统一组织,建立了非裔美国人统一组织,号召所有非洲裔的美国人,无论其宗教信仰如何,都努力团结起来。此后,他又先后飞往非洲、英国和法国等地,呼吁把美国黑人的斗争国际化。马尔科姆国际主义的基础是正统伊斯兰教,核心是泛非主义。其斗争方式一是寻求中东和非洲国家的支持和帮助,以便把美国黑人的问题带到联合国;二是把美国国内黑人争取民权的斗争提高到人权的水平;三是争取中国等社会主义国家的支持。其泛非主义最终演变为反对西方帝国主义的世界革命思想。这种国际化策略,深刻影响了后来黑人民权运动的激进化倾向,虽然遭到美国政府的压制,仍取得一定的成效。

Malcolm X spent most of his last year abroad.After breaking with black muslims in March 1964,Malcolm began a pilgrimage to the Middle East and a trip to Africa,which broadened his horizon and significantly changed his mind.He returned home and established the Organization of African American Unity,modeled after the Organization of African Unity,calling on all African Americans,regardless of their religious beliefs,to work together.He then flew to Africa,Britain and France to call for the internationalization of the African American struggle.The foundation of Malcolm internationalism is orthodox Islam and its core is panafricanism.He has three ways of fighting.The first is to seek the support and help of countries in the Middle East and Africa to bring African American issues to the United Nations.The second is to raise the struggle for civil rights of the black people in the United States to the level of human rights.The other is to win the support of China and other socialist countries.His pan-africanism eventually evolved into a world revolutionary thought against western imperialism.This internationalization strategy had a profound impact on the radicalization tendency of the later black civil rights movement.Although it was suppressed by the American government,it still achieved some results.