从办事大臣到都统:乾隆朝新疆东路归属甘肃及其演变

From Amban to Dutong:the East Xinjiang under Jurisdiction of Gansu Province during the Qianlong Period

乾隆二十年至二十四年,清朝在新疆东路的巴里坤、辟展、乌鲁木齐和哈密设置了办事大臣。二十五年,新疆东路划归甘肃省管辖,各城办事大臣仍在履行职责。安西提督从巴里坤移驻乌鲁木齐后,办事大臣向其移交权力。三十六年土尔扈特回归后,清朝派八旗驻防新疆东路,三十八年设立的乌鲁木齐都统逐渐参与管理一切兵民事务,导致新疆东路由陕甘总督、乌鲁木齐都统双重管辖。管辖模式的演变是清朝应对新疆局势发展变化的结果。

Ambans(办事大臣)were set up at several places in east Xinjiang from 1755 to 1759.Although east Xinjiang was under the jurisdiction of Gansu province in 1760,these Ambans still carried out their duties.These Ambans’authority was transferred to Anxi Tidu(安西提督)after the later moved from Balikun to Urumqi.After 1771,the Eight Banners Garrrison were set up in the east Xinjiang.And Urumqi Dutong(乌鲁木齐都统),which was established in 1773,gradually participated in the administration of all military and civilian affairs.As a result,the east Xinjiang was under the dual jurisdiction of Shan’gan Governor(陕甘总督)and Urumqi Dutong.This evolution was the result of the Qing Dynasty’s response to the development of the situation in Xinjiang.