公共卫生法治的制度逻辑

The Institutional Logic of the Rule of Law in Public Health

公共卫生法的逻辑起点是公共卫生。从最初“瘴气说”的一切外部卫生措施,到“细菌说”的传染性疾病预防控制,到“行为说”的慢性非传染性疾病预防控制,再到“社会生态说”的环境监控、职业健康保护等。公共卫生法的调整范围随之处于不断扩张变化当中,从紧急的预防健康风险,向常态的健康权益保障,再向主动促进公众健康几个阶段发展。公共卫生法律规制模式突破了命令控制的藩篱,向公共治理模式迈进。在公共卫生治理中,多元主体参与治理,健康责任主体均衡化;除了保留了传统的直接规制手段之外,还引入了信息披露、侵权诉讼、助推等新的规制工具。

The logical start of public health law is public health.It ranges initially from"Miasma Theory"of all external health measures,to"Germ Theory"of infectious disease prevention and control,to"Behavior Theory"of chronic non-communicable disease prevention and control,and then to"Social Ecology Theory"of environmental monitoring,occupational health protection and so on.Correspondingly,public health law adjusts its scales with constant expanding in different phases,from emergency prevention of health risks to normal protection of health rights,and then to initiative promotion of public health.The legal regulation model of public health has broken through the barrier of command and control and stepped forward to the public governance model.In public health governance,the state allocates the health responsibility to various responsibility subjects,which makes health responsibility subjects equalized.In addition to retaining the traditional administrative means of direct control,new regulatory tools such as information disclosure,tort litigation and nudge theory are introduced.