道心与人心:论老子的心灵哲学

“Mind of Dao”and“Human Mind”:On Laozi’s Philosophy of Mind

人是身体与心灵合一的存在,身体与心灵都为老子所关注,虽然在《老子》中只有专门讨论身体的章节,而讨论心灵的章节几乎没有,但深入其学说本质,老子在其重“身”、重“生”的身体哲学之外,依然有其重视“道心”的心灵哲学。老子认为心有“道心”与“人心”之分别,其中,“道心”出自于道,是天然的、自足的,乃人之“本心”;“人心”是对道的背叛,是人为的、纵欲的,乃人之“妄心”。保有“道心”,能使人处于“婴儿”“赤子”状态,获得生命的长存与幸福;放纵“人心”,追逐“名”“货”,只能使人获得短暂的荣华富贵,必将受到道的惩罚。放弃“人心”,回到“道心”,破除“贪欲”与“心魔”,是人生所必须,但是,需要圣人的“拯救”。

Man is the existence of the unity of body and mind.Both body and mind are concerned by Laozi.Although there are only chapters on body and few chapters on mind in Lao Tzu,Lao Tzu still has his mind philosophy that attaches importance to“mind of Tao”in addition to his body philosophy that attaches importance to“body”and“life”.Laozi believes that there are some differences between the“mind of Dao”and“human mind”.Coming from Dao,“mind of Dao”is natural and self-sufficient,which is“man’s conscience”.“Human mind”which is“man’s delusion”is a betrayal of Dao,artificial and indulgent.Keeping the“mind of Dao”can make people in the“infant”and“naked”state obtaining the longevity and happiness of life;Indulging“human mind”to pursue“fame”and“goods”can only make people get a temporary glory,wealth and rank,which will be punished by Dao.It's necessary for man to give up the“human mind”,return to“mind of Dao”and get rid of“greed”and“demons”.However,it is inseparable from the salvation of saints.