迈向更有效的反馈:哈蒂“可见的学习”的模式

Towards a More Effective Feedback Model:A Perspective of Visible Learning

"可见的学习"研究发现,反馈是影响学业成就的最有力的因素之一。但反馈的有效性展现出很大的差异,有必要寻找使反馈效用最大化的途径。本文回顾了反馈从行为主义到认知主义、建构主义三种范式的转变,述评了哈蒂的反馈模型,探讨了如何构建更全面的反馈框架,尤其强调了反馈过程产生影响的学习者个人因素和情境因素。在此基础上,文章讨论了将反馈融入课堂教学需要考虑的复杂维度,包括反馈的时机、互动结构及媒介。

John Hattie's visible learning research indicated that feedback is one of the most powerful factors influencing academic achievement.However,feedback demonstrates a high level of effectiveness variability;therefore,it is essential to optimize its power.We reviewed the paradigm change of feedback from behaviorism to cognitivism and constructivism and introduced the feedback model proposed by John Hattie.Then,a more comprehensive feedback framework is constructed,with an emphasis on the learner individual factors and social conditions of the instructional context which influencing the feedback process.On this basis,it has a further discussion on the multi-dimension needed to consider when integrating feedback into classroom instruction,including the timing,interactive structure,and medium of feedback.