摘要
黑颈鹤(Grus nigricollis)在世界自然保护联盟濒危物种红色名录中被列为“易危”物种,在不丹也同样受法律保护。不丹是重要的、也是除中国之外的最大黑颈鹤越冬地。黑颈鹤在不丹的越冬期为5个月,越冬区域为不丹的中部(Phobjilka,Khotokha和Gyetsa)和东部(Bumdeling)。不丹的黑颈鹤同步统计工作始于1986-1987年冬季,调查地点包括了最主要的几个越冬区,如不丹中部的Phobjikha和Khotokha以及东部的Bumdeling。调查工作由不丹皇家自然保护学会和林业部(现为林业和公园服务部)发起。从1986-1987冬季开始,至2013-2014冬季(共28个越冬期),同步调查结果表明平均每年的越冬黑颈鹤数量为415只1。在1986-1987冬季,黑颈鹤数量仅为370只,但在2013-2014年冬季调查中,黑颈鹤数量已达550只,增长率高达48.6%2。在28年中,平均每年的种群增长率为1.73%,或者说每年会增加6只黑颈鹤。在过去的两个半世纪中,不丹的黑颈鹤数量一直在稳步增加。但是除了Phobjikha山谷地区的黑颈鹤数量在逐步增长以外,其他几个地点,如Bumthang、Bumdeling和Khotokha的数量却在减少,尤其是在20世纪90年代初之后。整体来看,在黑颈鹤统计数量最多的那一年,共550只,幼鹤数量为63只,幼体新增率为11.4%。最引人注目的保护工作是Phobjikha和Bumdeling两地均已晋升为保护地,其中Phobjikha为保护区,而Bumdeling falls(位于Bumdeling野生动物庇护所)则成为了国际重要湿地。Khotokha和Bumdeling一样,也在2012年成为了国际重要湿地。在Bumthang地区的Thangbi falls(位于Ugyen Wangchuck Centennial Park),黑颈鹤同样受到了有效保护。在这些地区,黑颈鹤受到的主要威胁是人类经济发展导致的对自然环境的破坏。今后的保护计划主要包括生境恢复、生境和捕猎研究、宣教项目、环志研究等。“可持续民生发展项目”也已在Phobjikha和Bumdeling实施,其中在Phobjikha的项目尤其备受关注。在法律层面上,针对黑颈鹤的保护政策日趋完善,而在社会文化中,民众一直视黑颈鹤为“LhaBja”,即“天堂之鸟”,这些均保证了黑颈鹤会得到最好的保护。
Black-necked Crane(Grus nigricollis)is classified as Vulnerable under the IUCN Red List Categories and legally protected in Bhutan.Bhutan is an important and the largest winter non-breeding habitat outside of the Chinese boundary.Black-necked Cranes winter in Bhutan for about five months,and they come to central(Phobjilka,Khotokha and Gyetsa)and eastern(Bumdeling)Bhutan.In Bhutan most wintering areas lie within the Conservation or protected areas,and Bumdeling and Khotokha are declared as RAMSAR site.The Royal Society for Protection of Nature and Department of Forest and Park Services initiated the counting of Black-necked Cranes in Bhutan from 1986-1987 winter.In the last 28 winters(1986-2013),the average annual number of arrivals of Black-necked Cranes in Bhutan was 4151.With only 370 Black-necked Cranes visiting Bhutan in the 1986-1987 winter to 550 Black-necked Cranes visiting Bhutan in 2013-2014 winter there has been an increase of 48.6%growth2.The average growth rate of Black-necked Cranes visiting Bhutan has increased by 1.73%(six cranes)annually in the last 28 years.Black-necked Cranes visiting Bhutan has steadily increased over the past two and a half decades.While Phobjikha valley has a gradual increase in Black-necked Crane arrivals,Bumthang,Bumdeling and Khotokha have seen fewer cranes especially after the early 1990s.For Bhutan as a whole,in the year with the highest count of Black-necked Cranes(550),this number included 63 juveniles indicating juvenile recruitment of 11.4%.Threats to these birds are mostly anthropogenic in nature driven by economic development and advancement.Around the globe,primarary threats impacting Black-necked Cranes are agriculture and tourism.Conservation initiatives in these habitats include habitat rehabilitation,habitat and predation studies,awareness programs and banding research activities.Sustainable livelihood programshave also been implemented in Phobjikha and Bumdeling with the former receiving more attention.Bhutan’s sound conservation policies and respect for the Black-necked Cranes as the LhaBja heavenly bird have provided both legal and social protection to this winter guest.
作者
Tshering Phuntsho
Jigme Tshering
Tshering Phuntsho;Jigme Tshering(Royal Society for Protection of Nature,P.O Box 325,Lhado Lam,Kawajangsa,Thimphu,Bhutan)
关键词
黑颈鹤
种群
不丹
越冬生境
趋势
国际重要湿地
威胁
保护
Black-necked Cranes
Population
Bhutan
Winter habitats
Trends
Ramsar sites
Threats,Conservation