我国央地分权的模式及类型

Basic Forms and Types of Decentralization Between Central and Local Governments in China

现代各国大多采用了不同形式和不同程度的央地分权,这导致分权的概念失去了原有的确定性。在西方话语中,联邦主义、权力下放、权力授予与职责委托都被视为广义的分权形式。在中国语境下,分权和放权是最为常见的一组概念。分权大体对应实现地方自治的联邦主义和权力下放,放权则包括权力授予和职责委托。我国在央地关系类型上属于中央集权的单一制国家,但在普通地方、民族区域自治地方和特别行政区实施了不同程度的央地分权。"地方性事务""民族区域自治权"和"高度自治权"是界定三种不同形式央地分权边界的核心概念。其中,普通地方是享有宪法地位和职权的主体,但中央与普通地方之间的职责范围高度重叠,普通地方的国家机关享有多少权力取决于法律、行政法规以及其他方式作出的授权。民族区域自治地方享有的民族区域自治权和特别行政区享有的高度自治权都是宪法性权力,它们虽来自中央的授予,但受到宪法层面的保障。不过,中央政府对自治地区享有无可争议的自治监督权,央地权限争议应当通过央地权限纠纷解决机制来解决。

Most modern countries have adopted different forms and degrees of decentralization,which makes the concept of decentralization lose its original certainty.In Western discourse,federalism,decentralization,delegation of power and duties are all regarded as broad forms of decentralization.In the context of China,Fenquan and Fangquan are the most common set of concepts.Fenquan generally corresponds to federalism and decentralization,while Fangquan includes delegation of power and duties.China adopts a unitary government,but it has implemented different degrees of decentralization in ordinary local government,ethnic regional autonomous areas and special administrative regions."Local affairs","regional ethnic autonomy"and"high degree of autonomy"are the core concepts that define the boundaries between central and local governments.The scope of responsibilities between the central and ordinary local governments is highly overlapping,and the amount of power enjoyed by ordinary local governments depends on the authorization of laws,administrative regulations and other documents.The rights of regional ethnic autonomy enjoyed by ethnic autonomous areas and the high degree of autonomy enjoyed by special administrative regions are constitutional powers.Although they are granted by the central government,they are guaranteed by the constitution.The central government enjoys indisputable supervision over the autonomous areas,and the dispute between central and local governments should be resolved through the dispute resolution mechanism thereof.