铅碳电池关键材料研究进展

Research progress of key materials for lead-carbon batteries

铅酸电池极板活性物质比表面积低,在部分荷电态高倍率充放电的条件下负极易硫酸盐化而失效,铅碳电池是将高比表面积、高电导率的碳材料引入铅酸电池的负极活性物质中,抑制硫酸铅晶体的粗化。因此,铅碳电池具有充放电性能好、循环寿命长等优势,但碳材料析氢过电位低,导致析氢反应加剧,且密度远低于铅,导致和膏不均匀。随着碳材料的增多,负极板强度降低。大电流充放电和深放电循环均会造成正极活性物质结构破坏,进而加剧正极板栅的腐蚀。在Pb-Ca合金板栅中引入Sn、Al、Ce等金属形成多元合金板栅提高板栅的机械强度,增加抗腐蚀性和导电性,改善循环性能。从铅碳电池的结构、分类着手,重点总结了负极活性碳材料的作用机理和特点以及新型耐腐蚀正极板栅材料近年来的发展。

The active material of the lead-acid battery plate has a low specific surface area,and the negative plate is easily sulfated and fails under the condition of high-rate charging and discharging in a partially charged state.Lead-carbon batteries(LCBs)introduce carbon materials with high specific surface area and high conductivity into the negative active material(NAM)of lead-acid batteries(LABs)to inhibit the coarsening of lead sulfate crystals.Therefore,LCBs have the advantages of good charge and discharge performance and long cycle life,but the low hydrogen evolution overpotential of carbon materials leads to intensified hydrogen evolution reactions,and the density is much lower than that of lead,which leads to uneven paste.With the increase of carbon materials,the strength of the negative plate decreases.Both high-current charge and discharge and deep discharge cycles will cause the structure of the positive active material(PAM)to be destroyed,which will intensify the corrosion of the positive electrode grid.Sn,Al,Ce are introduced into the Pb-Ca alloy grid to form a multi-element alloy grid to improve the mechanical strength of the grid,increase corrosion resistance and electrical conductivity,and improve cycle performance.This article briefly summarized the structure characteristics and functions of active carbon additives in negative plates and the new development of Pb-Ca based positive grids in LCBs.