半湿润区秸秆还田对土壤水分、温度及玉米产量的影响

Effects of Straw Returning on Soil Moisture,Temperature and Maize Yield in Semi Humid Area

为探索半湿润区玉米高产和水分高效利用的栽培技术模式,采用秸秆还田和土壤耕作相结合的方法,设置秸秆离田旋耕垄作(CK)、秸秆深翻还田(SP)、秸秆覆盖还田免耕(SC)、秸秆覆盖还田深松(SS)4个处理,研究不同处理对土壤水分、土壤温度、玉米产量和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明:(1)2018年和2019年的土壤贮水量分别呈单、双峰曲线变化,2018年所有处理和2019年SS处理的土壤贮水量均随土层深度增加而显著增加。与CK相比,2018年SC和SS处理各生育时期土壤贮水量分别提高7.58%~18.40%和9.24%~21.94%。(2)耕层0—20 cm土壤温度随玉米生育时期呈先升后降的变化趋势,随着土层深度的增加,土壤温度逐渐降低。秸秆还田具有调节地温的作用,与CK相比,SP使5,6月地温分别提升0.46,0.21℃,SC使5—7月地温降低1.72~2.79℃,提高9月份地温0.22℃。(3)2018年和2019年,SS、SP、SC处理使玉米产量较CK分别增加13.88%和14.82%,7.59%和9.12%,7.42%和8.50%。(4)2018年和2019年,SS、SP和SC处理的水分利用效率分别增加13.79%和9.75%,6.11%和5.93%,5.67%和3.83%。(5)玉米各生育时期(时间上)和土层0—60 cm(空间上)土壤贮水量对玉米产量影响显著,各生育时期(花期除外)和0—60 cm土壤贮水量与水分利用效率呈显著正相关,6,7月及10 cm以下土层,土壤温度对玉米产量影响显著,7月和15 cm以下地温与水分利用效率显著负相关。秸秆覆盖深松技术增加土壤贮水量,改善土壤温度,提高玉米产量和水分利用效率,为雨养农业区提供高效的栽培技术模式。

In order to explore the cultivation technology mode of high yield and water use efficiency of maize in semi humid area,the method of straw returning combined with soil tillage was adopted,and four treatments were set up,including straw rotary ridge tillage(CK),straw deep ploughing returning(SP),straw mulching returning and no tillage(SC)and straw mulching returning and subsoiling(SS).The effects of different treatments on soil moisture,soil temperature,maize yield and water use efficiency were studied.The results showed that:(1)The change of soil water storage showed a single peak curve and double peaks curve in 2018 and 2019,respectively.The soil water storage of all treatments in 2018 and SS treatment in 2019 increased significantly with the increasing of soil depth.Compared with CK treatment,the soil water storage in SC treatment and SS treatment increased by 7.58% to 18.40% and 9.24% to 21.94% in 2018,respectively.(2)The soil temperature of 0—20 cm plough layer increased first and then decreased with the growth period of maize,and decreased gradually with the increasing of soil depth.Straw returning could regulate soil temperature.Compared with CK,the SP treatment increased ground temperature by 0.46℃ and 0.21℃ in May and June,SC treatment decreased the ground temperature by 1.72℃ to 2.79℃ from May to July,and increased the ground temperature by 0.22℃ in September.(3)In 2018 and 2019,compared with CK,the maize yield of SS,SP and SC treatments increased by 13.88% and 14.82%,7.59% and 9.12%,7.42% and 8.50%,respectively.(4)In 2018 and 2019,the water use efficiency of SS,SP and SC treatments increased by 13.79% and 9.75%,6.11% and 5.93%,5.67% and 3.83%,respectively.(5)Soil water storage each growth period(time)and 0—60 cm soil layer(space)had significant effects on maize yield.Soil water storage at 0—60 cm and each period except flowering stage in July and below 15 cm had significant positive correlation with water use efficiency.Soil temperature had no significant effect on maize yield and water use efficiency.Straw mulching and subsoiling technology increased soil water storage,improved soil temperature,increased maize yield and water use efficiency,and provided efficient cultivation technology pattern for rain fed agricultural area.