长江流域中稻产量、肥料增产效应及利用率特征

Characteristics of middle-season rice yield,fertilizer increase yield effect and use efficiency in the Yangtze Valley

【目的】探究优化施肥条件下长江流域中稻施用氮、磷和钾肥的产量反应、增产效应和利用率特征,为该区域的肥料调控、解决施肥不合理等问题,及促进水稻的肥料高效利用和清洁生产提供科学依据。【方法】数据来源于国际植物营养研究所于2000-2017年在我国长江流域开展的水稻田间试验及在中国知网数据库通过字段或字段组合(水稻、水稻+产量及水稻+肥料利用率等)检索到的此时间段内有关长江流域中稻田间试验的论文,共采集到2165组田间试验数据。试验处理包括:优化施肥处理,农民习惯施肥处理,以及在此基础上的不施氮、不施磷和不施钾肥处理,以探究长江流域各省(市)(四川、云南、贵州、重庆、湖北、安徽、江苏、浙江和上海)中稻在优化施肥下的可获得产量、产量反应、相对产量、农学效率和偏生产力特征。【结果】我国长江流域中稻优化施肥技术平均产量为9.3 t/hm^(2),其中安徽省的平均产量最高,为10.1 t/hm^(2),湖北省最低,平均为8.7 t/hm^(2)。施用氮、磷和钾肥的平均产量反应分别为2.1、0.8和0.9 t/hm^(2),平均相对产量分别为0.76、0.91和0.90。优化施肥处理下氮、磷和钾肥的平均农学效率分别为11.3、11.3和9.2 kg/kg,平均偏生产力分别为49.8、126.7和92.9 kg/kg。与农民习惯施肥措施相比,优化施肥平均增产0.7 t/hm^(2),增幅为8.3%;氮、磷和钾肥的农学效率分别增加了4.5、5.0和3.4 kg/kg;氮肥偏生产力提高了10.0 kg/kg。【结论】优化施肥有效提高了长江流域中稻的产量和肥料利用率,施用氮、磷和钾肥对长江流域水稻产量的贡献率分别达到了24%、9%和10%,但各省市间存在差异性且省市内的变异较大。水稻产量高低与肥料平衡施用紧密相关,但长江流域水稻生产存在着氮肥施用过量,钾肥施用不足的现象,优化养分管理策略对提高该区域水稻产量和肥料利用率具有重要意义。

【Objective】This study was designed to examine irrational fertilization in rice production regions in the Yangtze Valley.Rice yield response to nitrogen(N),phosphorus(P)and potassium(K)fertilizer application and fertilizer use efficiency under optimized fertilization conditions were summarized.Our study provides a scientific basis for regulating fertilizer allocation,optimizing the application,and promoting effective production.【Methods】The data in this article were derived from the field experiments conducted by the International Plant Nutrition Institute in the Yangtze Valley from 2000 to 2017 and published papers on rice field trials.The latter was obtained by searching field or combination of fields(rice,rice+yield and rice+fertilizer utilization rate)in the CNKI database,giving 2165 field trials.The experimental treatments include optimal fertilization,farmers'practices,and N,P or K omission treatments.These treatments were intended to explore the characteristics of potential rice yield,relative yield,agronomic efficiency and partial factor productivity in the Yangtze Valley provinces(cities)(Sichuan,Yunnan,Guizhou,Chongqing,Hubei,Anhui,Jiangsu,Zhejiang,and Shanghai).【Results】The average yield of middle-season rice in the Yangtze Valley under optimal fertilization treatment was 9.3 t/hm^(2).Anhui Province had the highest average yield(10.1 t/hm^(2)),and Hubei Province recorded the lowest average yield of 8.7 t/hm^(2).The average yield response and relative yield of N,P and K fertilizer application were 2.1,0.8 and 0.9 t/hm^(2),and 0.76,0.91,and 0.90,respectively.Under the optimal fertilization treatment,the average agronomic efficiency and partial factor productivity of N,P and K fertilizers were 11.3,11.3,and 9.2 kg/kg,and 49.8,126.7,and 92.9 kg/kg,respectively.Compared to farmers'fertilization practices,optimal fertilization increased the average yield by 0.7 t/hm^(2),accounting for 8.3%of farmers practices.The agronomic efficiency of N,P and K fertilizers increased by 4.5,5.0,and 3.4 kg/kg,respectively,and the partial factor productivity of N fertilizer application increased by 10.0 g/kg.【Conclusions】Optimal fertilization effectively increased the yield and fertilizer use efficiency of middle-season rice in the Yangtze Valley.The contribution of N,P and K fertilizers to rice yield in the Yangtze Valley reached 24%,9%,and 10%,respectively.However,there are differences among provinces(cities)and significant variation within the province.The rice yield is closely related to the balanced application of fertilizers.However,there was excessive N fertilizer application and insufficient K fertilizer application in the rice production of the Yangtze Valley.Optimizing nutrient management strategies is of great significance to improve rice yield and fertilizer use efficiency in this region.