公害惩罚性赔偿及其请求权配置--兼论《民法典》第1232条的诉讼程序

Punitive Damages for Public Hazards and Allocation of Claim Rights--Also on the Litigation Procedure in Article 1232 of the Civil Code

《民法典》第1232条将惩罚性赔偿引入了环境侵害领域。环境侵害的后果二元化产生了针对私益损害的传统惩罚性赔偿与针对生态环境损害的公害惩罚性赔偿。公害惩罚性赔偿在制度内部缓解了手段与目的之间的固有张力,既是环境治理理念升级的应有之义,也是立法者的优先考量。基于环境权理论和现行规范,私益受害人和公益原告均有成为公害惩罚性赔偿请求权主体的可能。然而,私益受害者难以承担相应的证明负担,也不具有受领赔偿的法律地位。从诉讼目的、处分权限缩与职权主义倾向来看,向公益原告配置请求权实属正当。相较于环境民事公益诉讼原告,生态损害赔偿诉讼中的赔偿权利人是更为适格的请求主体。

Article 1232 of the Civil Code introduces punitive damages into the field of environmental infringement.The dualization of the consequences of environmental infringement gives rise to the traditional punitive damages for private interests and the punitive damages for public hazards of ecological environment.Punitive damages for public hazards alleviate the inherent tension between means and ends within the system,which is not only the due meaning of upgrading the concept of environmental governance,but also the priority consideration of legislators.Based on the theory of environmental rights and the current norms,both the private benefit victims and the public benefit plaintiffs are likely to be the subject of the right to claim punitive damages for public hazards.However,the victim of private benefit cannot bear the corresponding burden of proof,and does not have the legal status to receive compensation.From the point of view of the purpose of litigation,the reduction of the power of disposition and the tendency of authority doctrine,it is justified to allocate the right of claim to the public interest plaintiff.Compared with the plaintiff of environmental civil public interest litigation,the right holder of compensation in ecological damage compensation litigation is a more suitable subject of claim.