马克斯·舍勒与王阳明思想中先天的价值与感受

The a Priori Value and Feeling in Max Scheler and Wang Yangming

在以王阳明为代表的儒家心学中,本心既主观又客观,既内在又超越;天理既客观又主观,既超越又内在。牟宗三的阐发亦基于此种理解。为了更好地说明秩序如何内在于个人体验中,有必要参照现象学的洞见。舍勒展示了情感与价值如何是先天的。价值级序在偏好行为中被给予,而价值呈现于价值级序中,在价值感受中被给予。透过心的本原活动,价值与感受相互预设并建立彼此。由此,有序的感受与无序的感受得到了区分。与舍勒思想类似,儒家心学肯定了这样的意向性结构:一方面是与天理对应的价值观(级序)与精神价值,一方面是与本心良知对应的爱、偏好、价值感受。一些王阳明的术语,如心、意、良知、物,及其与四句教的关联,在此视域启发下,亦将得到更清晰的初步阐明。

In Confucian learning of the heart-mind represented by Wang Yangming,the original heart-mind is both subjective and objective,both immanent and transcendental;Heavenly pattern is both objective and subjective,both transcendental and immanent.Mou Zongsan’s elucidation is also based on this understanding.In order to better illustrate how order is inherent in personal experience,it is necessary to refer to the insights of phenomenology.Scheler demonstrates how feeling and value are a priori.The hierarchy of values is given in the act of preferring,and value appears in the hierarchy of values and is given in the feeling of values.In and through the original activities of the heart,value and feeling mutually presuppose and establish each other.Thus,ordered feelings and unordered feelings are distinguished.Not unlike Scheler’s thought,Confucian learning of the heart-mind affirms the intentional structure between spiritual value and the view(hierarchy)of values corresponding to Heavenly pattern on the one hand,and loving,preferring,and feeling of values corresponding to original heart-mind and pure moral knowing on the other hand.Some of Wang Yangming’s terms,such as the heart-mind,intention,pure moral knowing,matter,and their connection with the four verses’teaching,will also be preliminarily clarified in light of this perspective.