始于原型设计与试验——瑞典哥德堡禧年公园的景观设计

Prototyping a Park——Landscape Design of Jubileumsparken in Gothenburg,Sweden

瑞典哥德堡禧年公园的设计采用"双轨并行"模式—其永久性园区将于2021年底竣工并开放;自2014年起,一系列临时公园和设施将随着若干公众工作坊的开展陆续建成。场地的逐步演化给了生态系统适应的时间,也使公众有机会直接参与建设和种植活动,同时间接表达自己对公园的关注点以及期望,帮助优化永久性公园的最终设计。针对场地原本以荒草为主的脆弱滨水生态系统以及社会文化遗产,在公众的配合下,一座1:1比例的景观实验室—"水岸园"得以建立,用于测试各类新材料、工作方法,以及种植和维护技术,以便应用于永久性"嬉学园"的建设。该设计过程强调观设计师与场地维护人员的紧密合作,以期在长远的未来实现可持续发展目标、创造美学价值,亦强调了景观设计师持续参与公园维护以及数字工具应用的重要性。该项目还采用岩土工程技术建造了一片缓坡湿地,并创建本土与引进物种混合的植物群落,促进其自然演替以应对气候变化,为生物多样性的长期提升创造先决条件。通过这样的原型设计和测试,广大公众、维护人员和专家都参与到项目中,从城市生态系统、荒野景观和美学角度促成了一场有关景观持久性的对话。

The design of Jubileumsparken in Gothenburg,Sweden runs on two parallel tracks—a permanent park will be completed and opened in late 2021,and before that a series of temporary parks and installations had been set up during several public workshops since 2014.The gradual evolution of the site allows ecosystems to adapt and invites the public to leave their imprint on the park through not only directly building and planting,but even more importantly,indirectly voicing their interests and desires which impacts the final design of the permanent park.With a focus on the existing fragile ruderal and coastal ecosystems,as well as the socio-cultural heritage of the site,a 1:1 scale landscape laboratory—the Shoreline Park—was built up together with the public.It allowed for testing new materials,work methods,planting and maintenance techniques that would then be used in the permanent Play&Learn Park.The design process also highlights the need for a closer collaboration between landscape architects and maintenance staff to achieve the sustainability goals and the aesthetic value of the park over a longer period,as well as the importance of landscape architects’continuous involvement in park maintenance and the use of digital tools.The project also adopted geotechnic infrastructure to create a gently sloping wetland and proposed a mixed planting plan of indigenous species,natural succession and exotics to address climate change,and to create preconditions for high biodiversity even in the long term.Through such prototyping and testing,the wider public,maintenance staff,and experts got engaged in this project,which initiated a dialogue about the persistence in landscape between urban ecosystems,wildscapes,and aesthetics.