大电流测量传感技术综述

Review of High Current Measurement and Sensing Technology

直流、交流和冲击大电流(大于100 A)传感和测量技术广泛应用于电力系统、国防军工、工业生产、试验检测及科学研究中,文中按原理将广泛应用的电流测量技术分为基于欧姆定律的分流器、基于闭环反馈的直流/交流电流互感器、基于磁场测量的开环电流传感器和基于磁光效应的光学电流互感器4大类。在对各种电流测量传感原理简要介绍的基础上,剖析了这些技术的优缺点、适用范围和应用注意事项,并介绍最新研究进展。重点分析了各类大电流传感装置的结构特点、性能参数及测量性能优化方案。最后对本领域的发展趋势和应用前景进行了展望。传统电流测量/传感原理在宽范围温度特性、高动态范围、交直流混合、高带宽等方面的性能提升技术仍是研究热点;光学电流互感器已获得了广泛的应用,在超大电流测量中表现出独特的优势,但需解决较低的可靠性和长期稳定性等问题。

High current(greater than 100 A) sensing and measurement technologies of DC, AC, and impulse are widely utilized in the power system, industry, equipment testing and scientific research. We summarized the popular current measurement techniques which are divided into four categories by their principles as follows: shunts based on Ohm’s law, AC/DC current transformers based on closed-loop feedback, open-loop current sensing technology based on magnetic field measurement, and optical current transformers based on magneto-optical effect. On the basis of a brief introduction to the basic principles, we analyzed the advantages, disadvantages, application, and key points of these current measurement technologies, and introduced the latest progress in the research. Finally, we presented the development trend and application prospects of this field.The performance improvement technology of traditional current measurement & sensing principles in wide-range temperature characteristics, high dynamic range, AC/DC mixing, high bandwidth, etc., are still hotspots. Optical current transformers have been widely used and show unique advantages in ultra-large current measurement,however, the problems such as relatively low reliability and long-term stability need to be solved in their applications.