清代宫廷弦索学研究

A RESEARCH ON STRING BAND IN THE COURT OF QING DYNASTY

乾隆年间宫廷演出机构南府曾下设弦索学这一部门,其主要职司是演奏弦索套曲和满蒙及各民族音乐,偶尔演奏民间俗乐。嘉庆、道光以降,弦索学的独立地位渐渐受到冲击,随着宫廷演剧机构的调整,该学渐渐被并入十番学、中和乐等部门,造成清代中期以后宫廷弦索套曲演奏由中和乐承担。同时,由于所用乐器和所奏乐曲方面的相似性,什榜处或曰蒙古音律处以及部分内廷近侍同样掌握着弦索套曲的演奏技能,上述两类人群成为弦索套曲在北京民间和满洲贵族中传播的渠道。也就是说,弦索学以纯器乐演奏为主,而不是为曲艺和戏曲演出伴奏的乐队。虽然“弦索学”与“弦索调”二者在构词方面非常相近,但至今并没有史料证明弦索学曾为宫廷戏曲演出弦索腔伴奏。

Xiansuoxue was a music division under the supervision of Nanfu,the theatrical performce managing department of the court during the reign of emperor Qianlong.It was in charge of the performaces of xiansuo suites,the music of Manchu,Mongolian and other ethnic minorities.After Jiaqing and Daoguang periods,the dominant status of Xuansuoxue was affected and along with the adjustment of theatrical organizations,it was incorporated into the departments of Shifang or Zhongheyue.Meanwhile,due to the similarity among the instruments of xiansuo and the music written upon them,the staff of Shibang bureau or Mongolian temperament bureau and royal guards also had a good command of the skills of how to play xiansuo,which provided a channel for xiansuo suites to get popular among folks and nobles.Xiansuo is purely instrumental,but not an accompaniment for operas or dramas.