基于SimaPro、BEES和AIJ-LCA & LCW的建筑生命周期评估工具研究

Enlightenment of Building Life Cycle Assessment Tools Based on SimaPro, BEES and AIJ-LCA & LCW

生命周期评估经过60年的发展,评估体系与工具得到了拓展与完善。我国于1998年引入生命周期评价体系,然而发展至今,主要研究仍以国外相关工具为载体,以材料为对象,难以对建筑设计提供切实有效的分析指导。受评估地点、评估类型、数据库、评价方法的影响,建筑生命周期评估工具具有不同的适用特点。通过对全球范围内各具特色的三种评估工具SimaPro、BEES和AIJ-LCA&LCW的评估机制、评估流程、数据来源和评估内容的梳理,分析各工具的功能特点与适用性,归纳总结我国在建筑生命周期评估工具研发过程中可以借鉴的思路以及需要解决的问题,提出以建筑设计前期为重点,贯穿建筑生命周期全过程的多目标、多层级的建筑生命周期评估方法、数据来源和工具平台形式,为我国建筑生命周期评估体系建立提供参考。

Life cycle assessment system has been developed for 60 years, and the relevant theories and assessment tools have been expanded and improved in this time. In China, life cycle assessment system was introduced in 1998, and then used to many industries. However, compared with green building evaluation system, our national building life cycle assessment has not yet formed a clearly and completely systematic evaluation method with well operability, and the main building life cycle researches still use foreign evaluation tools as experimental tools, and building materials as objects nowadays. Besides, because of the differences in regional climate, economy, industry technological levels and material resource categories, it is fairly difficult to establish an impeccable, detailed and unified building material environmental impact database applicable to the whole country. In addition, most of the building life cycle assessment tools focus on building materials, as a result, these tools cannot provide effective guidance on building design based on building spatial unit or system. Moreover, the major domestic researches only make use of such tools to analyze building projects’ environmental impact, lack of relevant researches on assessment tools’ applicability. Therefore, it is urgent to explore and study the development ideas and application characteristics of foreign life cycle assessment tools, sort out the limitations of these tools when used in China, and summarize the experience learning from other foreign tools in the aspect of building life cycle assessment tools’ research and development, for putting forward some valuable development methods and suggestions in target type, database construction, environmental impact evaluation frame, and interactive interface design in evaluation process. According to the site location, building types, database and evaluation method, building life cycle assessment tools have different application fields. Mostly, the life cycle assessment tools use inventory statistics method which separates the whole building data information into various building materials. Among them, SimaPro has a well-compatibility database, but the operation process is complicated and not appropriate to common users. By contrast, the database of BEES is not suitable to China and its evaluation range is also incomplete, while this tool provides a simplified data acquisition and estimation method. Similarly, AIJ-LCA & LCW has an independent and complete database, but its setting of evaluation content and the factors’ importance is consistent with that in our national conditions, at the same time, the operation process is simpler. Since these three tools have diverse referable aspects in the building life cycle assessment tools development, this research analyzes their assessment principle, process, content, data sources firstly, and then expounds the functional characteristics, applicability and limitations of each tool by horizontal comparison. On the basis of the analysis results above, it is proposed that the environmental impact assessment in the early stage of building design make sense for the whole life cycle assessment, hence, architects should pay more attention to schematic or preliminary design. Furthermore, the tool’s application scope should be extended to the whole building life cycle for providing real-time prediction and analysis in every life cycle stage, and playing significant roles in the building design strategies adjustment and the building performance optimization. As for database, both general data and specific data should be used in the environmental impact prediction, evaluation and feedback of building environmental performance in proper design stage, in order to fulfill the data’s flexibility. Finally, with the help of performance examination from predicted data and measured data, constructing a building spatial unit-oriented life cycle assessment model, as well as a data transmission method from spatial shape to environmental impact can contribute to integrating the design and evaluation systems of green building and healthy building, supporting building design optimization, and promoting the development of building industry.