同义量词“幢”与“栋”的混用与竞争

Mixed use and competition of synonymous measurewords“zhuang”and“dong”

现代汉语中,称量建筑物的同义量词“幢”与“栋”经常混用。关于二者共时分布、历时演变的调查表明:“幢”是吴语地域、书面语体鲜明的量词,“栋”是非吴语地域、语体中性的量词,该特征是二者历史地位承传的结果。“幢”“栋”当前处于竞争状态,作建筑物标注时,“幢”在吴语区占绝对优势;在报纸等媒体类书面语中,“幢”在吴语区具相对优势,“栋”的竞争强势已然出现,非吴语区中,从官话到湘、赣、粤语,“幢”的劣势明显;口语体中,语言接触时“幢”被“栋”强势侵染,即便在吴语区,“栋”的优势也已凸显。受制于二者的竞争关系及语言主体关于其语体特征的忽视,“幢”“栋”的混用还将持续较长一段时间。

In modern Chinese,the synonymous measure words“zhuang”and“dong”are often mixed in the use of quantifying buildings.Based on the investigation into their synchronic distribution and diachronic evolution,it is found that“zhuang”is distinctly a written-style measure word alive in Wu dialect,while“dong”is a neutral measure word in other dialects,as a result of which both words inherit their historical status.At present,“zhuang”and“dong”are in a state of competition:when labeling buildings,“zhuang”occupies a dominant position in the Wu dialect area;in newspapers and other media written language,“zhuang”has a comparative advantage in the Wu dialect area but an obvious disadvantage in non-Wu dialect areas,from areas of Mandarin to Hunan dialect,Jiangxi dialect and Cantonese,as challenged by strong competition of“dong”;in colloquial Chinese,“zhuang”is overwhelmingly replaced by“dong”in some cases for language contact,even in the Wu dialect area,as the advantage of“dong”has been increasingly prominent.Restricted by their competitive relationship and their lexical features neglected by language subject,the mixed use of“zhuang”and“dong”will continue for a long time.