云南省马铃薯引种史、传播路线及其影响

The Introduction History,Spreading Routes and Influence of Potato in Yunnan

马铃薯是外来作物,其引入和传播在解决云南明清时期以来的社会、经济、文化和宗教问题上具有重要作用。通过考据发现,马铃薯传入中国和云南省的时间及主要路线,以及传入后在云南的传播路线。传入和传播路线主要为;(1)1615年后由印度经印—缅—滇通道传入滇西,并广泛种植于迪庆、丽江、大理和怒江州,此细胞质类型为W/α型;(2)1788年后经四川凉山州传入楚雄永仁,后在滇西各州及滇中广泛传播,此为W/α型;(3)1843年左右经贵州进入昭通,在滇东北及黔西南大面积种植,此为T/β型。马铃薯的传入及传播深远的影响了几百年来云南的农业结构、移民、矿产开发、少数民族迁徙及宗教信仰,其本土化也加快了主粮化进程并提供了科学育种的新思路。

Potato is a foreign crop,and its introduction and spread in Yunnan played an important role in solving social,economic,cultural and religious problems since the Ming and Qing Dynasty.After textual criticism,this paper discussed the time and main routes of potato introduction to China and Yunnan Province and the spreading routes in Yunnan.The main routes of introduction and spread were verified as below:(1)after 1615,potato was introduced into western Yunnan from northeastern India via the India-Myanmar-Yunnan Corridor and widely planted in Diqing,Lijiang,Dali and Nujiang,the cytoplasmic type was W/α;(2)after 1788,potato was introduced into Yongren,Chuxiong from Liangshan,Sichuan,and then widely spread in western and central Yunnan,these varieties representing W/αcytoplasmic type;(3)around the year of 1843,potato entered Zhaotong through southeastern Guizhou,widely planted in northeastern Yunnan and southwestern Guizhou with T/βcytoplasmic type.The introduction and spread of potato had a profound impact on the agricultural structure,population migration,mineral development,minority customs and religious beliefs in Yunnan for hundreds of years.Its localization had also accelerated the process of staple food grain production and provided new methods for scientific breeding.