多物种共同体的建构--人类世视野下的《回声制造者》

The Construction of Multispecies Communities:The Echo Maker in the Anthropocene

人类世作为当代生态文学批评的前沿,极大地拓宽文学批评的疆域,使人们从跨学科的视角重新审视环境问题以及跨物种间的关系。《回声制造者》是美国后现代小说家理查德·鲍尔斯的代表作,小说将沙丘鹤濒临灭绝的生存危机置于人类世语境下,试图通过展现环境灾难和物种灭绝,唤起人们的环境意识和物种意识,重塑人类和其他物种的关系。人类世中的公域、尺度效应和多物种民族志视角呈现出对于物种危机的全新解读。多物种民族志的理论与实践为公域的归属权问题和由尺度效应引起的漠视问题提供了解决方案。小说实际上是在倡导摒弃人类中心主义,跨越时空和地域界限,建构多物种共同体。在某种意义上,《回声制造者》堪称一部杰出的当代环境启示录。

Anthropocene,as the edge of the contemporary ecological literary criticism,greatly broadens the territory of the literary criticism and provides an interdisciplinary perspective to reexamine the environmental issues and the cross-species relationship.American postmodern novelist Richard Powers’s masterpiece The Echo Maker attempts to evoke the environmental and species awareness of people and to remake the relationship between humans and other species through the survival crisis of the sandhill cranes in the Anthropocene when the environmental disasters and the species extinction emerge.The Anthropocentric concepts of commons,scale effect and multispecies ethnography present a new interpretation of the crisis of species.The practice of multispecies ethnography provides the solution to the commons dispute and the denial of other species caused by the scale effect.Hence,the novel actually advocates that human beings should abandon anthropocentrism and build multispecies communities.In a sense,the novel can be regarded as a contemporary apocalypse.