少电子原子体系精密谱理论和计算方法

Theory and computational methods for high precision spectra of few-electron atomic systems

得益于现代激光精密测量技术,某些少电子原子体系(如氢、氦、锂、铍等)的光谱测量具有非常高的精度.高精度实验值与高精度理论值的对比,为高精度地检验基本物理理论、高精度地测定出基本物理常数以及原子核电荷半径等物理参数提供了重要渠道.要把原子体系的光谱计算到当前实验值的精度并非易事,需要把电子关联效应、相对论效应和量子电动力学(QED)效应计算到足够高的精度.最近几十年来,得益于现代计算机技术的发展和此领域科研人员的不懈努力,少电子原子体系的精密计算取得了重要进展.本文介绍了高精度计算少电子原子体系能级的理论方法和计算技术,包括等效哈密顿量的推导、薛定谔方程的求解、相对论和QED效应的计算,以及原子核的有限质量效应和电荷分布半径效应;对近二三十年取得的重要进展进行了评述并对未来的发展进行了展望.

Due to modern precision laser technology,the spectra of some few-electron atomic systems(such as hydrogen,helium,lithium,beryllium)could be measured to very high accuracy.A comparison between high precision experimental and theoretical results supplies us with a practicable method to test fundamental physical theories,to determine fundamental physical constants,and to extract nuclear properties,such as the nuclear charge radius.However,it is not an easy task to calculate the spectrum of an atom to a precision that matches the corresponding experimental precision.In order to achieve this goal,we need to take electron correlation effects,relativistic effects,and quantum electrodynamic(QED)effects into consideration and evaluate them to a sufficiently high accuracy.In the past several decades,significant progress has been made on high precision calculations of few-electron atomic systems,due to advances of computer technologies and persistent efforts in this area.The main purpose of this article is to give a survey on high precision calculations of few-electron atomic systems,including the effective Hamiltonian,the solutions to the Schrödinger equation,calculations of relativistic and QED effects,the finite nuclear mass effect,and the effect due to the nuclear charge radius.Finally,we give some perspectives for the future.