高等教育立法治理中的政府主体合法性--以美国高等教育黄金时代为例

Legitimation of the Government Subject in the Legislative Governance of Higher Education

面对各州分权的教育行政制度、院校自治的机构管理体系、学术自治的高等教育原则,立法作为具有最高强制力的宏观治理举措,难以避免公众与院校反对、实现政府(广义概念)对高等教育的治理。基于新实证主义史学与阐释学研究,在美国高等教育黄金时代,作为权利法的1944年《军人再适应法》,设定特定“校-生”权利关系,解决了退伍军人受教育问题;作为促进法的1958年《国防教育法》,定位学科需求和专业趋向,完成了国家意志向高等教育的价值输入;作为主干法的1965年《高等教育法》,以内政逻辑描绘高等教育长期发展图景,构建了教育法制框架。各法案以引导性财政拨款为核心内容,规定经费条件、建立政校关系,探寻出实现政府主体合法性的有效路径。

In the face of the educational administrative system of state-decentralization,the management system of institutional autonomy,and the higher educational principle of academic autonomy,the governance of legislation,as a macro measure of educational governance with the highest coercive force,is hard to avoid the opposition of the public and institutions,or to realize the legitimation of government(broad concept).Based on a neo-positivism historical and hermeneutical research,in“the Golden Age of American Higher Education”,Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944,as a law on rights and interests,solved the social problem of ex-servicemen's education by setting the specific legal relationship between schools and students;National Defense Education Act of 1958,as a promotion law,input the national will into the value of higher education by explicating the disciplinary demands and professional trends;Higher Education Act of 1965,as a principal law,constructed the framework of the legal system of education by depicting a long-term development prospect of higher education with the logic of internal affairs.Each of the acts takes the financial appropriation with orientation guidance as the core content,stipulating the funding conditions and establishing the government-school relationships,to explore an effective path to realize the legitimation of the government subject.