鄯善国农业管理措施探究——以佉卢文书为文本的研究

Agricultural management measures in kingdom of Shanshan——from Kharosthi documents

鄯善为古西域城邦国家之一,亦为古丝绸之路上重要的交通要冲。以20世纪初楼兰、尼雅等遗址出土的大批佉卢文书为研究对象,借助资料整理法、分类法、对比研究法等方法探讨魏晋时期鄯善巩固农业发展的措施,研究结果表明:鄯善农业管理主要是针对土地、水源和耕种的统一管理。土地管理措施主要包括:明晰地界,禁止强占;买卖合法,农庄繁盛;可作遗产,准许继承。水源管理措施主要包括:集中管控,分段灌溉;加强法规,禁止争夺。耕种管理措施主要包括:注重农时,按时耕种;种子不足,付息借贷。以上措施的实施,使得鄯善国耕作技术进步,粮食产量增加,酿酒业不断繁荣,城邦国家的农业生产水平不断发展并进入到一个新的阶段。

The kingdom of Shanshan was one of the ancient city-states in the western regions and an important traffic hub on the ancient Silk Road.Based on a large number of Kharosthi documents unearthed in the early 20 th century in Loulan Kingdom and Niya,the measures to consolidate agricultural development in kingdom of Shanshan during the Wei and Jin dynasties were discussed by means of data processing,The results show that agricultural management of the kingdom of Shanshan was mainly the unified management of land,water source and farming.Land management measures mainly consisted of clear boundaries,prohibition of usurpation,legal transaction of farms;the farms were prosperous,and could be inherited.Water management measures mainly consisted of centralized control,segmented irrigation,strengthen regulations,prohibit competition.The management of farming mainly consisted of focusing on farming time and timely cultivation;which was characterized by lack of seeds and interest-paying loans.The implementation of the above measures had led to the progress of farming technology in Shanshan,the increase of grain production,the continuous prosperity of wine making industry,and the continuous development of agricultural production level in the city-state countries and entering a new stage of development.