暴力暴露对校园欺凌的影响——社交焦虑的中介作用与自我控制的调节作用

Relationship between violence exposure and school bully:the mediating role of social anxiety and the moderating role of self-control

目的了解暴力暴露、自我控制、社交焦虑与校园欺凌的关系。方法于2018年9—12月,采取方便抽样法调查新乡市城乡范围3所初中(初一至初三)和3所高中(高一至高三)的学生共计1631名(男生770名,女生861名;初中生891名,高中生740名;城市922名,农村709名)。采用暴力暴露问卷、中学生自我控制问卷、青少年社交焦虑量表和中学生校园欺凌问卷进行调查,并进行独立样本t检验、相关分析及建立结构方程模型。结果 (1)男生的暴力暴露(34.45±12.97)、社交焦虑(11.04±3.61)、传统欺凌(24.09±8.86)和网络欺凌(14.94±6.25)得分均显著高于女生[(32.07±11.09)、(10.30±3.58)、(21.57±7.98)和(13.00±4.30)],差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);初中生暴力暴露(35.21±13.83)、社交焦虑(11.24±3.58)、传统欺凌(26.40±8.68)和网络欺凌(15.06±6.26)得分均高于高中生[(30.52±8.51)、(9.92±3.53)、(19.26±6.14)和(12.55±3.73)],而自我控制得分(121.98±17.22)低于高中生(129.84±19.02),差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);城市学生自我控制得分(126.30±18.54)高于农村生(122.99±18.04),而社交焦虑(10.38±3.53)及传统欺凌得分(22.41±8.28)高于农村生[(11.06±3.67)和(23.25±10.01)],差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。(2)暴力暴露、社交焦虑、传统欺凌及网络欺凌之间两两呈显著正相关(r=0.24~0.59,P<0.01),而与自我控制均呈显著负相关(r=-0.36~-0.19,P<0.01)。(3)社交焦虑在暴力暴露与校园欺凌的关系间起到中介作用,暴力暴露对校园欺凌的直接效应为(β=0.45,95%CI 0.38~0.53,t=17.19,P<0.001),社交焦虑的中介效应值为0.02,占总效应的4.26%。自我控制在暴力暴露对校园欺凌影响关系中的后半段起到调节作用,社交焦虑与自我控制的交互项能够显著正向预测校园欺凌(β=0.08,95%CI 0.03~0.12,t=3.05,P<0.01)。结论暴力暴露正向预测校园欺凌,暴力暴露可以通过社交焦虑的中介作用和自我控制的调节作用对校园欺凌产生影响,且自我控制的调节作用在男生群体和初中群体中并不显著。

OBJECTIVE To investigate the relationship between violence exposure, self-control, social anxiety and school bully. METHODS In the urban and rural areas of Xinxiang between September and December, 2018, a total of 1631 students from grade 1 to grade 3 from 3 junior high schools and 3 senior high schools were selected by convenient sampling.Violence exposure scale, middle school students’ self-control scale, adolescents‘ social anxiety scale and middle school students’ school bully scale. Among them, there were 770 boys and 861 girls. The number of junior high school students was 891, and the number of senior high school students was 740. There were 922 urban students and 709 rural students. There recovery data was analyzed by independent sampled t-test, correlation analysis and the structural equation model was established. RESULTS(1) The male in the scores of violence exposure(34.45±12.97), social anxiety(11.04±3.61), traditional bully(24.09±8.86) and cyberbully(14.94±6.25) were higher than the female [(32.07±11.09),(10.30±3.58),(21.57±7.98),(13.00±4.30)], and the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05). The junior high school students in the scores of violence exposure(35.21±13.83), social anxiety(11.24±3.58), traditional bully(26.40±8.68) and cyberbully(15.06±6.26) were higher than the senior high school students [(30.52±8.51),(9.92±3.53),(19.26±6.14),(12.55±3.73)], but the junior high school students in the scores of self-control(121.98±17.22) was lower than senior high school students(129.84±19.02) and the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05). The urban students in the scores of self-control(126.30±18.54) was lower than rural students(122.99±18.04), but the junior high school students in the scores of social anxiety(10.38±3.53) and traditional bully(22.41±8.28) were higher than senior high school students [(11.06±3.67),(23.25±10.01)] and the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05).(2) The scores of violence exposure, social anxiety, traditional bully and cyberbully were positively correlated each other(r=0.24-0.59, P<0.01), but separately negatively correlated with the scores of self-control(r=-0.36--0.19, P<0.01).(3) Social anxiety played a partial mediating role between violence exposure and school bully. The direct effect of violence exposure on school bullying was β=0.45, 95%CI 0.38-0.53, t=17.19, P<0.001. The mediating effect of social anxiety was 0.02, accounting for 4.26% of the total effect. Self-control played a moderating role in the second half of the relationship between violence exposure and school bully. Interaction between social anxiety and self-control can significantly positively predict school bully(β=0.08,95%CI 0.03-0.12,t=3.05,P<0.01). CONCLUSION Violence exposure positively predicts school bully. Violence exposure also plays a mediating effect on them through social anxiety and a moderating effect on them through self-control. The moderating effect of self-control is not significant in boys and junior high school students.