中国武术师徒制文化传续论

On Cultural Continuation of Chinese Wushu Master-Apprentice System

通过文献分析、田野调查、深度访谈等研究方法,探讨武术师徒制的社会特性,重拾师徒传承的文化传统,为当代武术传承与发展提供参考。认为:①师徒制是维系武术社会再生产的文化制度。中国武术师徒制不仅是“技术教学”模式,更是“身份传递”制度,因而具有社会再生产意义。武术师徒制研究不仅要关注“口传心授”的知识转移方式,还应关注“世代相承”的社群延续制度。②文化身份与传续责任是师徒传承的核心。师门谱系形成师徒“多边互动”关系,赋予“权责一体”的代际身份与角色使命,师传—徒续的代际责任关联是武术世代相传的动力内核。③师徒传续制度是民间武术的传承法则。一方面,师徒文化身份的代际接续维系武术社会再生产,传续责任保障武术传承动力。师徒制维系文化共同体存续,为武术技艺的生存提供社会生态土壤,师父与徒弟以及再传弟子建立的传续谱系维持武术活态传承。另一方面,师徒传续谱系是武术技艺发展的历史线索,技艺在师承脉络中保存个性并延续发展,保持生存活力。④文化传续意识是宝贵的文化遗产,应得到重视。落实武术传承不仅要“保护传承人、培养传习人”,还应“尊重传承制度,激活传续责任”。⑤革新师徒关系理念、重塑师徒角色意识、激活师徒责任担当是完善师徒传承的构成要素。

By means of literature review,field investigation and in-depth interview,the social characteristics of the Wushu master-apprentice system are analyzed and its inheritance of excellent cultural traditions are revealed.The research explores the mechanisms that promote the development of contemporary martial arts.The following conclusions are drawn:First,the master-apprentice system is a cultural system that maintains the social reproduction of Wushu.The Wushu apprenticeship system is not only a"technical teaching"model,but also an"identity transfer"system,which has social reproduction significance.The study of Wushu masterapprentice system requires researchers to pay attention not only to the knowledge transfer method of"oral teaching",but also to the inheritance and continuation system of the"generational inheritance"social community.Second,cultural identity and inheritance responsibility are the core of the inheritance of Wushu master-apprentice system.The pedigree of Wushu master-apprentice system forms a"multilateral interaction"relationship between master and apprentice,which gives the mission of"power and responsibility"to different generations and roles.The generational responsibility connection between master-teaching and apprenticelearning forms the motive force for the inheritance of martial arts from generation to generation.Third,the master-apprentice system is the inheritance rule of civilian Wushu.On the one hand,the intergenerational relay of the cultural identity of the master and apprentice maintains the social reproduction of Wushu,and the inheritance responsibility guarantees the power of Wushu inheritance.The master-apprentice system maintains the survival of the cultural community and provides a social ecological soil for the survival of Wushu skills.The inheritance pedigree established by the master,apprentices and re-passed disciples maintains the living inheritance of Wushu.On the other hand,the continuation of the pedigree of the master and apprentice is a historical clue to the development of Wushu skills,and the skills preserve their individuality and continue to develop in the trajectory of the master-apprentice system,and maintain vitality.Fourth,the idea of inheritance of martial arts culture is a precious cultural heritage that needs to be protected.Protecting the inheritance of Wushu must not only protect the inheritors and learners,but also respect the inheritance system and inheritance responsibility.Finally,the new concept of the relationship,the new sense of the role,and the new responsibility are the constituent elements of perfecting the inheritance of master-apprentice system.