不同配方肥对冬小麦群体动态、抗逆性及产量的影响

Effects of different formula fertilizers on population dynamics,stress resistance and grain yield of winter wheat

为了验证“大配方、小调整”配方技术在冬小麦上的应用效果,在河南省临颍县开展田间小区试验,设置农户习惯配方(15-15-15、25-12-8)、华北区大配方(15-20-10、18-15-12)、调整小配方(20-15-10、22-16-7)6个处理,分析不同配方肥对小麦群体、干物质累积、养分吸收、抗逆性、产量、经济效益等的影响。结果表明:农户习惯配方中的高氮配方25-12-8群体数量较高,且前期SPAD值高于其他配方,而到生育后期低于其他配方。调整小配方20-15-10在小麦成熟期的干物质累积量最高,而农户习惯配方25-12-8和15-15-15较小;且20-15-10花后同化物对籽粒贡献率最高。调整小配方20-15-10的氮磷钾养分累积量相对较高,仅次于华北区大配方18-15-12。从赤霉病和冻害发病情况来看,调整小配方20-15-10的赤霉病发病率和冻害发生率最小,分别为9.3%和2.0%。相对于其他配方,调整小配方20-15-10的收获指数显著提高,其籽粒产量最高,比农民习惯配方15-15-15增加18.4%,其穗粒数、千粒重和穗长均高于其他处理。氮肥和磷肥偏生产力最大的处理均为调整小配方20-15-10,钾肥偏生产力仅次于最大的调整小配方22-16-7;从经济效益来看,各配方之间净收益大小为20-15-10>18-15-12>22-16-7>25-12-8>15-20-10>15-15-15。综合来看,根据作物养分需求和土壤状况调整的调整小配方20-15-10,可提高冬小麦的干物质和养分累积、抗逆性、经济效益和肥料利用率,通过“大配方、小调整”可以实现增产增收增效。

In order to verify the application effect of the“big recipe,small adjustment”recipe technology on winter wheat,a field experiment,including farmers’custom formulas(15-15-15,25-12-8),regional large formula(15-20-10,18-15-12)and small adjusted formula(20-15-10,22-16-7),was conducted in Linying County,Henan Province to analysze effects of different formula fertilizers on wheat population,dry matter accumulation,nutrients absorption,stress resistance,grain yield,economic benefits,etc.The results showed that the community number of high-nitrogen formula 25-12-8 in the farmers’custom formula was higher,and the SPAD value was higher in the early stage than in other formulas,but lower in the later growth stages.Small adjusted formula 20-15-10 had the highest dry matter accumulation during wheat maturity,while farmers’fertilizer formulas 25-12-8 and 15-15-15 were lower;and the rate of assimilation after flowering contributing to the grain was the highest in formula 20-15-10.Small adjusted formula 20-15-10 had a relatively high nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium nutrient accumulation,which was second to the large formula 18-15-12.Judging from the incidence of scab and frost damage,the incidence of scab and frost damage under the small formula 20-15-10 was the smallest,which was 9.3%and 2.0%,respectively.Compared with other formulas,the harvest index of the small adjusted formula 20-15-10 was significantly improved,and its grain yield was the highest,which increased by 18.4%over the farmers’custom formula 15-15-15.The treatment with both highest partial productivity of nitrogen fertilizer and phosphate fertilizer was small formula 20-15-10,and the partial productivity of potassium fertilizer was second to the largest formula 22-16-7.From the perspective of economic benefits,the net income among the formulas ranked as 20-15-10>18-15-12>22-16-7>25-12-8>15-20-10>15-15-15.Taken together,the small adjusted formula 20-15-10,which was adjusted according to crop nutrient requirements and soil conditions,can improve the dry matter and nutrient accumulation,stress resistance,economic benefits and fertilizer utilization of winter wheat.“big recips,smau adjustment”can achieve increased production,income and efficiency.