民法典背景下补充责任裁判执行问题研究

On the Enforcement of Supplementary Responsibility Judgment under the Background of Civil Code

民事补充责任是非终局性的风险责任,是将债权人求赔不能的风险转化为补充责任人因过失所承担的追偿不能的风险。补充的基础在于先诉抗辩权,作用场域主要是强制执行程序,以顺位性和穷尽执行为原则。实践中对于突破执行顺位原则的把握不统一,应以申请执行人与补充责任人间的利益平衡为重点,不能仅以公法上的执行困难为突破点。执行依据所附条件为强制执行开始之条件,条件成就前不得对补充责任人财产采取保全措施,符合执行前保全的除外。执行补充责任人的条件成就与否包含实体法因素,现行"异议+复议+执行监督"模式不足以提供充分救济,救济程序设计应兼顾效率与权利保障。

Civil supplementary liability is a non final risk liability,which transforms the risk that the creditor cannot claim into the risk that the supplementary liability person cannot recover due to his fault.The basis of supplement lies in the right of plea in advance,and the scope of action is mainly the compulsory execution procedure,with the principle of order and exhaustive execution.In practice,it is not unified to grasp the principle of breaking through the order of execution.We should focus on the balance of interests between the applicant and the supplementary responsible person,not only on the difficulties in the implementation of public law.The conditions attached to the basis of execution are the conditions for the commencement of compulsory execution.Before the conditions are fulfilled,no preservation measures shall be taken against the property of the supplementary responsible person,except those that meet the requirements of preservation before execution.The current mode of "objection+reconsideration+enforcement supervision" is not enough to provide adequate relief.The relief procedure design should take into account efficiency and rights protection.