元代的鹰猎习俗与高丽鹰坊

The Custom of Eagle Hunting in the Yuan Dynasty and Eagle Workshops in the Koryo Period

鹰猎是蒙古人传统的狩猎习俗之一。蒙元时期的鹰猎习俗、制度与辽金时期契丹人、女真人的鹰猎习俗和制度是一脉相承的。元代的鹰猎习俗及其制度影响到高丽,高丽的鹰坊及鹰坊使在元朝与高丽的朝贡关系中起到了重要的作用。忽必烈时期,元朝常派捉鹰使到高丽。高丽派鹰坊使随元朝捉鹰使到诸道捕捉鹰鹘。元朝捉鹰使与高丽鹰坊有着密切的关系。高丽鹰坊制度有一定的弊端,因此,在高丽忠宣王、忠穆王、恭愍王时期,高丽的鹰坊经历了多次设立、废除、再设立的过程。

Eagle hunting is one of the traditional Mongolian customs.The custom and system of eagle hunting in the Yuan dynasty is derived from the counterparts of Khitans and Jurchens in the Liao and Jin dynasties.The custom of eagle hunting of the Yuan dynasty influenced on the Koryo dynasty.The eagle workshops and its commissioners played an important role on the tributary relationship between the Yuan dynasty and Koryo Kingdom.During the regime of Kublai Khan,the Yuan court sent commissioners for eagle hunting to Koryo frequently.The Koryo court also sent commissioners of eagle workshops to hunt eagles with the commission⁃ers from the Yuan in all prefectures in Koryo.The commissioners for eagles hunting of the Yuan kept close relationship with eagle workshops of Koryo.Because of drawbacks of the eagle workshops at some extent,it had the experience of establishing,closing and re-establishing during the periods of King Zhong’xuan,King Zhong’mu and King Gong’min in the Koryo Kingdom.